Improving productivity of citramalate from CO by Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 through design of experiment.

Background: Cyanobacteria have long been suggested as an industrial chassis for the conversion of carbon dioxide to products as part of a circular bioeconomy. The slow growth, carbon fixation rates, and limits of carbon partitioning between biomass and product in cyanobacteria must be overcome to fully realise this industrial potential. Typically, flux towards heterologous pathways is limited by the availability of core metabolites.

Combinatorial use of environmental stresses and genetic engineering to increase ethanol titres in cyanobacteria.

Current industrial bioethanol production by yeast through fermentation generates carbon dioxide. Carbon neutral bioethanol production by cyanobacteria uses biological fixation (photosynthesis) of carbon dioxide or other waste inorganic carbon sources, whilst being sustainable and renewable. The first ethanologenic cyanobacterial process was developed over two decades ago using Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942, by incorporating the recombinant pdc and adh genes from Zymomonas mobilis.

Molecular staging of lymph nodes from 60 patients with mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome: correlation with histopathology and outcome suggests prognostic relevance in mycosis fungoides.

Background: Histological evidence of lymph node involvement is associated with a poor prognosis in patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL).

Objectives: To determine whether T-cell receptor (TCR) gene analysis is of prognostic relevance in CTCL.

Methods: TCR gene analysis was performed on lymph node specimens from 60 patients with mycosis fungoides (MF) and Sézary syndrome (SS) using a highly sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR)/single-strand conformational polymorphism analysis and results were correlated with skin, overall clinical and histological lymph node stages.

Erythema multiforme following polymorphic light eruption: a report of two cases.

We report two patients in whom episodes of polymorphic light eruption were followed by recurrent erythema multiforme on exposed and nonexposed sites. Treating the polymorphic light eruption with prophylactic PUVA and/or oral prednisolone or cyclosporin prevented the development of erythema multiforme, suggesting that the two events are related. It is possible that erythema multiforme develops as a response to the same causative antigen as polymorphic light eruption.

Fish odour syndrome with features of both primary and secondary trimethylaminuria.

We report a patient with the fish odour syndrome who has both primary and secondary trimethylaminuria. The diagnosis was made using biochemical and genetic analysis in the apparent absence of any characteristic smell. Differentiation of primary and secondary trimethylaminuria is usually made on urinary analysis of trimethylamine and its metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide, with different, characteristic patterns of both compounds in primary and secondary trimethylaminuria.

Diagnostic and prognostic importance of T-cell receptor gene analysis in patients with Sézary syndrome.

Background: Sézary syndrome (SS) is characterized by erythroderma, peripheral lymphadenopathy, and circulating Sézary cells and is clinically heterogeneous.

Methods: T-cell receptor (TCR) gene analysis was performed using DNA extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 74 patients, and the results were correlated with a variety of other diagnostic parameters and patient outcomes.

Results: Two groups were identified: 66 patients with clonal TCR gene rearrangement (clonal patients) detected with Southern blot analysis and/or polymerase chain reaction/single-strand conformational polymorphism analysis and 8 patients with no clonal rearrangement detected (nonclonal patients) using either technique.

Prognostic significance of tumor burden in the blood of patients with erythrodermic primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.

Erythrodermic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) includes patients with erythrodermic mycosis fungoides who may or may not exhibit blood involvement and Sézary syndrome and in whom hematological involvement is, by definition, present at diagnosis. These patients were stratified into 5 hematologic stages (H0-H4) by measuring blood tumor burden, and these data were correlated with survival. The study identified 57 patients: 3 had no evidence of hematologic involvement (H0), 8 had a peripheral blood T-cell clone detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of the T-cell receptor gene and less than 5% Sézary cells on peripheral blood smear (H1), and 14 had either a T-cell clone detected by Southern blot analysis or PCR positivity with more than 5% circulating Sézary cells (H2).

CD8-positive juvenile onset mycosis fungoides: an immunohistochemical and genotypic analysis of six cases.

Background: Childhood cases of cytotoxic T-cell lymphoma have not been well described.

Objectives: We have undertaken an immunohistochemical and genotypic analysis of patients presenting with juvenile onset mycosis fungoides (MF).

Patients/methods: Of 10 patients presenting over a 3-year period, six exhibited a CD8-positive phenotype.

Detection of a peripheral blood T cell clone is an independent prognostic marker in mycosis fungoides.

Unlabelled: T cell receptor gene analysis is a sensitive method for assessment of peripheral blood involvement in mycosis fungoides. This study uses polymerase chain reaction/single-strand conformational polymorphism (PCR/SSCP) analysis of the T cell receptor gamma gene and relates the results to skin stage and outcome in mycosis fungoides. Seventy-five peripheral blood samples from 66 patients were obtained from 1990 onwards and subjected to PCR/SSCP.

Secondary malignant neoplasms in 71 patients with Sézary syndrome.

Background: Sézary syndrome (SS) is characterized by a malignant proliferation of CD4+ve T cells, which may result in a degree of immunoparesis. Immunosuppression is associated with an increased incidence of internal malignant neoplasms and a high rate of nonmelanoma skin cancer, particularly squamous cell carcinoma. Therefore, we reviewed the incidence of secondary malignant neoplasms in patients with SS.

Pilotropic mycosis fungoides presenting with multiple cysts, comedones and alopecia.

We report a 45-year-old man with mycosis fungoides (MF) who presented with multiple epidermoid cysts, comedones and alopecia and who responded to treatment with intravenous and oral cyclophosphamide. The pilotropic variant of MF, characterized histologically by follicular lesions and pilotropism without mucinosis, is uncommon and often resistant to treatment.

Spectrum of p53 gene mutations suggests a possible role for ultraviolet radiation in the pathogenesis of advanced cutaneous lymphomas.

There is evidence that the incidence of primary cutaneous lymphoma, like other forms of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, is increasing, yet little is known of the pathogenetic events involved in this group of disorders. In this study we examine the frequency and spectrum of P53 gene mutations in a large series of primary cutaneous lymphomas, with particular emphasis on tumor stage mycosis fungoides, as it is in these cases that p53 overexpression has previously been reported. Sixty-six samples from 55 patients with primary cutaneous B cell and T cell lymphomas were analyzed for mutations in exons 5-9 of the P53 gene using polymerase chain reaction/single strand conformational polymorphism, and subsequent cloning and sequencing of genomic DNA.

Lymphomatoid papulosis in association with mycosis fungoides: a study of 15 cases.

We report clinical findings in 15 patients with lymphomatoid papulosis (LyP) associated with mycosis fungoides (MF). LyP either preceded (n = 4), followed (n = 5) or occurred concurrently with the MF lesions (n = 6). Twenty-eight LyP lesions were classified histologically and analysed further with immunostaining for CD3 and CD30.

Extracorporeal photopheresis in Sézary syndrome. No significant effect in the survival of 44 patients with a peripheral blood T-cell clone.

Background: Several retrospective studies have claimed that extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) prolongs survival in patients with erythrodermic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. In a retrospective study of 44 patients with Sézary syndrome, we compared survival in patients treated with ECP with that of patients treated conventionally at the same institute. All patients had genotypic evidence of a peripheral blood T-cell clone.