Large language model use in clinical oncology.

Large language models (LLMs) are undergoing intensive research for various healthcare domains. This systematic review and meta-analysis assesses current applications, methodologies, and the performance of LLMs in clinical oncology. A mixed-methods approach was used to extract, summarize, and compare methodological approaches and outcomes.

Amsacrine combined with etoposide and methylprednisolone is a feasible and safe component in first-line intensified treatment of pediatric patients with high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia in CoALL08-09 trial.

Background: The prognosis of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has improved considerably over the past five decades. However, to achieve cure in patients with refractory or relapsed disease, novel treatment options are necessary.

Methods: In the multicenter trial Cooperative Study Group for Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (CoALL)08-09, one additional treatment element consisting of the rarely used chemotherapeutic agent amsacrine combined with etoposide and methylprednisolone (AEP) (amsacrine 2 × 100 mg/m , etoposide 2 × 500 mg/m , and methylprednisolone 4 × 1000 mg/m ) was incorporated into the first-line treatment of pediatric patients with poor treatment responses at the end of induction (EOI), measured by minimal residual disease (MRD).

Elucidation of the Translation Initiation Factor Interaction Network of Reveals Coupling of Transcription and Translation in Haloarchaea.

Translation is an important step in gene expression. Initiation of translation is rate-limiting, and it is phylogenetically more diverse than elongation or termination. Bacteria contain only three initiation factors.

Clofarabine increases the eradication of minimal residual disease of primary B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia compared to high-dose cytarabine without improvement of outcome. Results from the randomized clinical trial 08-09 of the Cooperative Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Study Group.

Novel treatment strategies are needed to improve cure for all children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). To this end, we investigated the therapeutic potential of clofarabine in primary ALL in trial CoALL 08-09 (clinicaltrials gov. identifier: NCT01228331).

Results of CoALL 07-03 study childhood ALL based on combined risk assessment by in vivo and in vitro pharmacosensitivity.

We conducted a clinical trial and report the long-term outcome of 773 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia upon risk-adapted therapy accrued in trial CoALL 07-03 (from the Cooperative Study Group for Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia). In a 2-step stratification, patients were allocated to receive either low- or high-risk treatment, based on initial white blood cell count, age, and immunophenotype. A second stratification was performed according to the results of in vitro pharmacosensitivity toward prednisolone, vincristine, and asparaginase (PVA score) and in vivo response after induction therapy (minimal residual disease [MRD]).

Daunorubicin during delayed intensification decreases the incidence of infectious complications - a randomized comparison in trial CoALL 08-09.

Anthracyclines are integral components of antileukemic treatment. Apart from cardiotoxicity, myelosuppression and infectious complications have been described for doxorubicin (DOX) and daunorubicin (DNR) as predominant side effects, but little is known about their differential toxicities. To address the question whether DNR is associated with a lower rate of infectious complications compared with DOX, 307 children with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia, enrolled in trial CoALL 08-09, were randomized to receive either DOX 30 mg/m (n = 153) or DNR 36 mg/m (n = 154) in delayed intensification.

Cytotoxicity of carbon nanohorns in different human cells of the respiratory system.

One of the new synthetic carbon-based nanomaterials is carbon nanohorns (CNH). A potential risk for employees of production processes is an unintentional intake of these nanomaterials via inhalation. Once taken up, nanoparticles might interact with cells of different tissues as well as with intercellular substances.

Epoxide and thiirane toxicity in vitro with the ciliates Tetrahymena pyriformis: structural alerts indicating excess toxicity.

The 48 h toxicity of 18 organic narcotics, 13 epoxides, and 2 thiiranes toward the ciliates Tetrahymena pyriformis was determined in terms of 50% growth inhibition EC(50). Nominal EC(50) was corrected for volatilization and sorption to quantify the freely dissolved compound fraction in solution. The derived baseline narcosis model served to evaluate toxicity enhancements T(e) as ratios of narcosis-predicted over experimental EC(50) values.

Thiol reactivity and its impact on the ciliate toxicity of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes, ketones, and esters.

A recently introduced chemoassay has been used to determine second-order rate constants of the electrophile-nucleophile reaction of 15 α,β-unsaturated aldehydes with glutathione. The respective kGSH values vary for more than 3 orders of magnitude, and are within the range determined previously for 31 α,β-unsaturated ketones and esters. Structure-reactivity analyses yield distinct relationships between kGSH and structural features of the compounds.

Fusion of a Short HA2-Derived Peptide Sequence to Cell-Penetrating Peptides Improves Cytosolic Uptake, but Enhances Cytotoxic Activity.

Cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) have become a widely used tool for efficient cargo delivery into cells. However, one limiting fact is their uptake by endocytosis causing the enclosure of the CPP-cargo construct within endosomes. One often used method to enhance the outflow into the cytosol is the fusion of endosome-disruptive peptide or protein sequences to CPP.

A cascade of transcription factor DREB2A and heat stress transcription factor HsfA3 regulates the heat stress response of Arabidopsis.

The dehydration-responsive element binding protein (DREB)/C-repeat binding factor (CBF) family are the classical transcriptional regulators involved in plant responses to drought, salt and cold stress. Recently it was demonstrated that DREB2A is induced by heat stress (hs) and is a regulator of the hs response of Arabidopsis. Here we provide molecular insights into the regulation and function of hs transcription factor HsfA3.

The heat stress transcription factor HsfA2 serves as a regulatory amplifier of a subset of genes in the heat stress response in Arabidopsis.

Within the Arabidopsis family of 21 heat stress transcription factors (Hsfs) HsfA2 is the strongest expressed member under heat stress (hs) conditions. Irrespective of the tissue, HsfA2 accumulates under heat stress similarly to other heat stress proteins (Hsps). A SALK T-DNA insertion line with a complete HsfA2-knockout was analyzed with respect to the changes in the transcriptome under heat stress conditions.