Factors associated with HIV self-testing and PrEP use among Nigerian youth: Baseline outcomes of a pragmatic, stepped-wedge, cluster-randomized controlled trial.

Introduction: Adolescents and young adults (AYA, 14-24 years) bear a disproportionate burden of new HIV infections in Nigeria and are more likely to have worse HIV outcomes compared to other age groups. However, little is known about their access to recommended sexual health care services, including HIV self-testing (HIVST), sexually transmitted infections (STI) testing, sexual behavior patterns, awareness and or access to pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), and overall risk for HIV.

Methods: We present a baseline analysis of the 4 Youth by Youth randomized controlled trial aimed to evaluate the uptake and sustainability of crowdsourced HIVST strategies led by and for young people across 14 states in Nigeria.

Attitudes towards latent tuberculosis among physicians in training: the role of BCG vaccination.

Prior work has demonstrated that international medical graduates physicians are less likely to recommend treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) for themselves or their patients. Our objective was to measure differences in LTBI treatment attitudes among resident physicians when diagnosis is established with a positive tuberculin skin test (TST), as compared with a positive interferon gamma release assay (IGRA), and to determine whether a resident physician's personal history of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination was associated with these attitudes. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of Internal Medicine resident physicians at two different training sites.

Effects of food processing on masticatory strain and craniofacial growth in a retrognathic face.

Changes in the technology of food preparation over the last few thousand years (especially cooking, softening, and grinding) are hypothesized to have contributed to smaller facial size in humans because of less growth in response to strains generated by chewing softer, more processed food. While there is considerable comparative evidence to support this idea, most experimental tests of this hypothesis have been on non-human primates or other very prognathic mammals (rodents, swine) raised on hard versus very soft (nearly liquid) diets. Here, we examine facial growth and in vivo strains generated in response to raw/dried foods versus cooked foods in a retrognathic mammal, the rock hyrax (Procavia capensis).