Elementary school comprehensive intervention and myopia development: the Wenzhou Epidemiology of Refraction Error Study.

Aim: To investigate the effects of school-based comprehensive intervention on myopia development in elementary school children.

Methods: As a part of the Wenzhou Epidemiology of Refraction Error Study, there were 1524 participating elementary students (730 girls, 47.9%) in grades 1 to 3 from three campuses of one school, aged 7.

Resilience of temporal processing to early and extended visual deprivation.

Early visual deprivation is known to have profound consequences on the subsequent development of spatial visual processing. However, its impact on temporal processing is not well characterized. We have examined spatial and temporal contrast sensitivity functions following treatment for early and extended bilateral visual deprivation in fifteen children born with congenital cataracts in rural India.

Refractive status and prevalence of myopia among Chinese primary school students.

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of myopia in key (university-oriented) and non-key elementary schools in China using a traditional and a new criterion for myopia diagnosis in an epidemiological study.

Methods: This school-based, cross-sectional study examined students from four key schools and seven non-key schools. Non-cycloplegic autorefraction and visual acuity (VA) were performed on each student.

The Needs for Visual Improvement of Patients Presented at Low-Vision Center in Wenzhou, China.

Purpose: To characterize the needs for visual improvement of new-visit patients with low vision.

Methods: This cross-sectional study collected detailed information of patients presented at low-vision center of the Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University between January 2015 and January 2017. A questionnaire interview, including demographic information and needs for visual improvement, was conducted before ophthalmology examinations.

Retinal Microvasculature in Amblyopic Children and the Quantitative Relationship Between Retinal Perfusion and Thickness.

Purpose: To quantify retinal vascular density in amblyopic children and to investigate the relationship between superficial and deep retinal vessel density and retinal thickness.

Method: In this prospective cross-sectional study, 85 amblyopic children (5-12 years) and 66 age-matched control subjects participated at a pediatric ophthalmology clinic. Macular vessel densities of the superficial and deep capillary plexuses (SCP, DCP, respectively) and retinal thickness were measured by clinical optical coherence tomographic angiography (OCTA).

Short-Term Effects of Overnight Orthokeratology on Corneal Sensitivity in Chinese Children and Adolescents.

Purpose: To assess the effects of the 3-month period of orthokeratology (OK) treatment on corneal sensitivity in Chinese children and adolescents.

Methods: Thirty subjects wore overnight OK lenses in both eyes for 3 months and were assessed at baseline, 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after the treatment. Changes in corneal sensitivity were measured by the Cochet-Bonnet (COBO) esthesiometer at the corneal apex and approximately 2 mm from the temporal limbus.

A Nurse's Perspective on Visual Rehabilitation of Outpatients With Low Vision in China.

Purpose: The purposes of the study were to analyze patient use and satisfaction with low vision aids (LVAs) at the Wenzhou Medical University Low Vision and Rehabilitation Center and to assess the promotion of visual rehabilitation services as a new responsibility for nurses in China.

Methods: Records of 178 patients with low vision (LV) from the Low Vision and Rehabilitation Center examined between October 2015 and October 2016 included basic patient information (e.g.

Vergence driven accommodation with simulated disparity in myopia and emmetropia.

The formation of focused and corresponding foveal images requires a close synergy between the accommodation and vergence systems. This linkage is usually decoupled in virtual reality systems and may be dysfunctional in people who are at risk of developing myopia. We study how refractive error affects vergence-accommodation interactions in stereoscopic displays.

Peripheral contrast sensitivity and attention in myopia.

Disruption of normal visual experience or changes in the normal interaction between central and peripheral retinal input may lead to the development of myopia. In order to examine the relationship between peripheral contrast sensitivity and myopia, we manipulated attentional load for foveal vision in emmetropes and myopes while observers detected targets with peripheral vision. Peripheral contrast detection thresholds were measured binocularly using vertical Gabor stimuli presented at three eccentricities (±8°, 17°, 30°) in a spatial 2 alternative forced choice task.

Rapid Integration of Tactile and Visual Information by a Newly Sighted Child.

How we learn to interact with and understand our environment for the first time is an age-old philosophical question. Scientists have long sought to understand what is the origin of egocentric spatial localization and the perceptual integration of touch and visual information. It is difficult to study the beginnings of intermodal visual-motor and visual-tactile linkages in early infancy since infants' muscular strength and control cannot accurately guide visual-motor behavior and they do not concentrate well [1-6].

Design and Clinical Evaluation of a Handheld Wavefront Autorefractor.

Purpose: To introduce a novel autorefractor design that is intended to be manufacturable at low cost and evaluate its performance in measuring refractive errors.

Methods: We developed a handheld, open-view autorefractor (the "QuickSee" [QS]) that uses a simplified approach to wavefront sensing that forgoes moving parts and expensive components. Adult subjects (n = 41) were recruited to undergo noncycloplegic refraction with three methods: (1) a QS prototype, (2) a Grand Seiko WR-5100K (GS) autorefractor, and (3) subjective refraction (SR).

From unseen to seen: tackling the global burden of uncorrected refractive errors.

Worldwide, more than one billion people suffer from poor vision because they do not have the eyeglasses they need. Their uncorrected refractive errors are a major cause of global disability and drastically reduce productivity, educational opportunities, and overall quality of life. The problem persists most prevalently in low-resource settings, even though prescription eyeglasses serve as a simple, effective, and largely affordable solution.

Reading behavior of emmetropic schoolchildren in China.

Knowing the actual behavior of readers will help us understand how near work influences a reader's eyes, comfort, reading efficiency, pleasure, and the ability to learn to read. We designed a methodology for reading behavior research, and investigated the reading behavior of emmetropic schoolchildren in China and factors that influence their reading. Children from grades 2 through 5 read text in an armchair, at a desk, and when reading and writing at the desk with three different font sizes.

Cycloplegic and noncycloplegic refractions of Chinese neonatal infants.

Purpose: To examine Chinese neonatal infants with both cycloplegic and noncycloplegic retinoscopy and to compare the distribution of refractive errors for the two techniques.

Methods: Cycloplegic retinoscopy was performed by two experienced pediatric ophthalmologists on 81 neonatal infants randomly selected from a group of 185 neonates who had undergone noncycloplegic retinoscopy. All infants were between 1 day and 6 days of age and were born without incident at full term.

Children's refractions and visual activities in the school year and summer.

Purpose: To investigate the association of children's refractive errors with their visual activities assessed by questionnaire in the school year and summer break (June, July, and August).

Methods: The parents of 147 children aged 6 to 18 years participating in a longitudinal study of refraction and visual function filled out a questionnaire in 1999 listing the number of weekly hours outside of school that the children read for pleasure, studied, watched TV, used the computer/played video games, and engaged in sports/outdoor activities. They also provided hours for these activities during the summer break.

Characteristics of accommodative behavior during sustained reading in emmetropes and myopes.

Accommodation has long been suspected to be involved in the development of myopia because near work, particularly reading, is known to be a risk factor. In this study, we measured several dynamic characteristics of accommodative behavior during extended periods of reading under close-to-natural conditions in 20 young emmetropic and stable myopic subjects. Accommodative responses, errors, and variability (including power spectrum analysis) were analyzed and related to accommodative demand and subject refractive error.

Accommodation, accommodative convergence, and response AC/A ratios before and at the onset of myopia in children.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate accommodation, accommodative convergence, and AC/A ratios before and at the onset of myopia in children.

Methods: Refractive error, accommodation, and phorias were measured annually over a period of 3 years in 80 6- to 18-year-old children (mean age at first visit = 11.1 years), including 26 who acquired myopia of at least -0.

Refractive status of indigenous people in the northwestern Amazon region of Brazil.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the refractive status of the illiterate indigenous people of the upper Rio Negro region of the Amazon rain forest in northwestern Brazil.

Methods: From an overall sample of 486 people, 259 indigenous people and 78 Brazilians between 12 and 59 years of age with no compromising optical opacities were refracted with cycloplegic retinoscopy. Subjects were categorized as indigenous if they had at least three generations of indigenous ancestry with no folklore suggesting other ancestors.

Myopia progression is specified by a double exponential growth function.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to demonstrate how well a modified Gompertz double exponential growth function delineates the diverse courses of myopia progression found in individual eyes. The function is: R = Re + Rc(0.07295)(a(x - t0)) where the spherical equivalent refractive error at a given age R equals the initial refractive error (Re) plus the overall refractive change (Rc) times a double exponential function with the base (0.

Increased accommodation following adaptation to image blur in myopes.

Prolonged exposure to blurred images produces perceptual adaptation (M. A. Webster, M.

The association of wavefront aberration and accommodative lag in myopes.

Accommodative lags, induced by a target at 33 cm (distance-induced condition) and by a -3.0 D lens (lens-induced condition), and wavefront aberrations were measured in 27 young myopic eyes. The accommodative lags and Strehl ratios derived from the wavefront aberrations in myopes were compared with those from 57 emmetropes.

Minimal angle horizontal strabismus detectable by lay observers.

Purpose: Patients with socially significant strabismus may be at risk for certain psychosocial consequences. However, the magnitude at which strabismus becomes socially significant is ill defined. Suggested criteria for socially significant strabismus can be found in the literature, but they are rarely, if ever, referenced.

Change in corneal shape and corneal wave-front aberrations with accommodation.

This study investigated the change in corneal curvature and corneal wave-front aberrations with accommodation. The corneal curvature of the right eyes of 12 young adults was measured using a corneal topography system, while subjects fixated far (4.0 m) and near (0.

Wave-front aberrations in the anterior corneal surface and the whole eye.

In order to investigate the sources of wave-front aberrations in the human eye, we have measured the aberrations of the anterior cornea and the whole eye using a topographic system and a psychophysical wave-front sensor. We have also calculated the aberrations for the internal optics of both eyes of 45 young subjects (aged 9 to 29 years). The mean rms for the anterior cornea was similar to that for the internal optics and thewhole eye when astigmatism was included, but less than that for both the internal optics and the whole eye with astigmatism removed.

Wavefront aberrations in eyes of emmetropic and moderately myopic school children and young adults.

Wavefront aberrations were measured using a psychophysical ray-tracing technique in both eyes of 316 emmetropic and moderately myopic school children and young adults. Myopic subjects were found to have greater mean root mean square (RMS) value of wavefront aberrations than emmetropic subjects. Emmetropic adults had the smallest mean RMS, which remained smaller than the values for myopic adults and children and for emmetropic children both when second order Zernike aberrations (astigmatism) and third order Zernike aberrations were removed.