Kinematics of shoulder, trunk, pelvis, and hip while reaching forward to progressively distant targets.

Introduction: Information on the normal contribution of various body regions to forward reaching provides a basis for assessing the maneuver. The purpose of this study was to describe the kinematics of the shoulder, trunk, pelvis, and hip of healthy young males while they stood and reached toward a target at arm's length and 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% of body height beyond.

Method: Twelve healthy adult males were marked with 22 spherical reflective markers.

Forward flexed posture: reliability and determinants of tragus-to-wall measurement.

: Forward flexed posture is an impairment in body structure commonly seen among older adults and those with pathologies such as ankylosing spondylitis and osteoporosis. Accurate measurement of forward flexed posture is important as it is related to pain, mobility limitations, and falls. Our purpose was to examine the reliability and determinants of forward flexed posture as indicated by tragus-to-wall (TTW) distance: Twenty healthy younger and 20 healthy older adults were included in this secondary analysis of data from a neck strength study.