Range of the perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) safe dose for human health: An international collaboration.

Many government agencies and expert groups have estimated a dose-rate of perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) that would protect human health. Most of these evaluations are based on the same studies (whether of humans, laboratory animals, or both), and all note various uncertainties in our existing knowledge. Nonetheless, the values of these various, estimated, safe-doses vary widely, with some being more than 100,000 fold different.

Comparison of positive SARS-CoV-2 incidence rate with environmental and socioeconomic factors in northern Illinois.

Early studies showed positive associations fine particulate matter (PM course particulate matter PM nitrogen dioxide (NO) and Ozone (O) concentrations with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) confirmed cases in the United States. One study showed that a1 μg/m3 increase in PM is associated with an 8% increase in the COVID-19 death rate. Specifically, Chicago and surrounding suburbs have been labeled hot spots in the United States and correlation with air pollutants concentration will help identify specific communities most at risk.