Timing of surgery in essential infantile esotropia - What more do we know since the turn of the century?

This review summarizes the results and interpretations of studies pertaining to the long-standing debate regarding the timing of surgery in infantile esotropia, more recently referred to as essential infantile esotropia. A systematic search of studies from the year 2000 onward pertaining to the timing of surgery in infantile esotropia as listed in PubMed, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane database was performed. Appropriate cross-references from the articles were also included.

Reporting on Australian childhood visual impairment: the first 10 years.

Background: Visual impairment is rare but has significant impact on the neurobehavioural development and quality of life of children. This paper presents the key findings from the Australian Childhood Vision Impairment Register, which commenced in 2008 to report on children diagnosed with permanent visual impairment.

Subjects/methods: Families consent to completing a data form related to their child and for contact with the child's ophthalmologist.

Comparative cohorts of retinopathy of prematurity outcomes of differing oxygen saturation: real-world outcomes.

Objective: An ongoing third epidemic of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is contributed largely by developing nations. We describe a cohort of infants in a single neonatal unit where two limits of oxygen saturation were administered, to show real-world outcomes from trend in neonatology for higher oxygen to improve survival.

Methods And Analysis: This retrospective, comparative study of prospectively collected data in an ROP screening programme included infants indicated by gestational age ≤32 weeks, birth weight <1501 g, ventilation for 7 days or requiring oxygen >1 month, who underwent dilated fundoscopic examination from age 4 weeks, every 2 weeks until full retinal vascularisation.

Visual Acuity Improves in Children and Adolescents With Idiopathic Infantile Nystagmus.

Purpose: Idiopathic infantile nystagmus is associated with reduced visual acuity. Recent work has linked extraocular muscle surgery to improvements in visual acuity through childhood but no work has reported long-term secular trends in visual acuity in infantile nystagmus. Our aim is to describe visual acuity changes for children and adolescents with idiopathic infantile nystagmus to allow comparison for future interventional studies.

Photographic assessment of retinal hemorrhages in infant head injury: the Childhood Hemorrhagic Retinopathy Study.

Background: Retinal hemorrhages (RH) in babies in the absence of severe trauma or a medical cause have been strongly associated with abusive head trauma (AHT). We examined the pattern of RH in accidental head injury and AHT objectively using widefield retinal imaging.

Methods: A total of 118 infants and children 1-36 months of age admitted with head injuries at two centers were included in this prospective, consecutive, comparative cohort study.

Central retinal vein occlusion in an otherwise healthy child treated successfully with a single injection of bevacizumab.

We describe the case of an otherwise healthy 13-year-old boy who presented with blurred vision and deteriorating visual acuity in his left eye. Fundus examination showed left optic disk swelling, exudates, and hemorrhages. He was found to have an elevated left central retinal venous pressure to the level of arterial diastolic pressure, an elevated left central macular thickness and a prolonged disk-to-disk transit time on fluorescein angiography, which confirmed the diagnosis of unilateral central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO).

Primary congenital glaucoma outcomes: lessons from 23 years of follow-up.

Purpose: To determine in primary congenital glaucoma whether age of presentation influences surgical success, the degrees of angle surgery needed to achieve glaucoma control, and whether there are critical ages where glaucoma progresses, requiring further surgical management.

Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Methods: The medical records of patients with primary congenital glaucoma over a 23-year period were reviewed: 192 procedures were performed on 117 eyes (70 patients).

Grading system for retinal hemorrhages in abusive head trauma: clinical description and reliability study.

Purpose: There is currently no universally accepted grading system for describing retinal hemorrhages (RH) in abusive head trauma (AHT). The purpose of this study was to devise and evaluate a novel grading system and descriptive nomenclature for RH in AHT for clinical and research purposes.

Methods: A traumatic hemorrhagic retinopathy (THR) grading system was developed for assessing and quantitatively analyzing retinal findings in abusive head trauma.

Vision screening in preschoolers: the New South Wales Statewide Eyesight Preschooler Screening program.

Objective: To evaluate screening and diagnostic outcomes of the New South Wales Statewide Eyesight Preschooler Screening (StEPS) program, a state-funded, universal vision screening program for 4-year-old children.

Design, Setting And Participants: A cross-sectional evaluation of the StEPS program, in which eligible 4-year-old children were offered a vision screen in local health districts in NSW, between 1 July 2010 and 30 June 2011.

Main Outcome Measures: Number and proportion of eligible children who were offered screening; accepted screening; were screened and scored a pass or were referred (routinely or urgently) for further vision assessment; and were referred for further assessment and required intervention.

APAO's Commitment to Ophthalmic Education.

The Asia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology (APAO) is a supranational organization set up in 1960 with the aims to advance the science and art of ophthalmology and eliminate preventable blindness in the Asia-Pacific region through teaching, research, and service. Being the major driving force of ophthalmologic development in the region, the APAO is dedicated to providing education opportunities to ophthalmologists and visual scientists in the region and beyond. Since its inception in 1960, ophthalmic education has topped the APAO's priority list.

Unilateral inferior rectus hypoplasia in a child with Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome.

A 6-year-old boy with Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome presented with exotropia and a right hypertropia with limited depression. Computed tomography revealed hypoplasia of the right inferior rectus muscle. Forced duction testing was notable for a tight right superior rectus muscle.

Successful treatment of infantile haemangiomas of the orbit with propranolol.

Background: Propranolol is a novel therapeutic agent in the treatment of cutaneous infantile haemangiomas. We assessed the effect of propranolol therapy in infantile haemangiomas of the orbit.

Methods: A case series of four patients with orbital infantile haemangiomas were referred for management in our tertiary referral hospitals.

A systematic review of the diagnostic accuracy of ocular signs in pediatric abusive head trauma.

Topic: To review systematically the diagnostic accuracy of various ocular signs for pediatric abusive head trauma (AHT).

Clinical Relevance: Intraocular hemorrhages (IOH), perimacular retinal folds, traumatic retinoschisis and optic nerve sheath hemorrhages have been reported as cardinal signs of AHT. The evidence base supporting the accuracy of this interpretation, however, has not been systematically reviewed.

Retinopathy of prematurity in extremely low birth weight infants in Malaysia.

Purpose: To identify differences in incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) between 2 birth weight categories within a cohort of extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants in Malaysia.

Methods: This was a prospective study of infants in the Special Care Nursery at the University of Malaya Medical Centre between 2003 and 2005. Outcome measures were presence or absence of ROP, most severe stage of ROP observed, and whether laser treatment was performed.

Outcomes in retinoblastoma, 1974-2005: the Children's Hospital, Westmead.

Background: To report the 31-year experience of outcomes in retinoblastoma from a single centre.

Methods: A retrospective analysis of consecutive cases of retinoblastoma diagnosed and treated at the Westmead Children's Hospital, Sydney between 1974 and 2005 was performed. The subjects were analysed as two groups: those diagnosed between 1974 and 1989 (series alpha) and those diagnosed between 1990 and 2005 (series beta).

Ocular adnexal Langerhans cell histiocytosis clinical features and management.

Purpose: To review the clinical features, investigations, management, and outcomes of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) with ocular adnexal involvement.

Materials And Methods: Retrospective, non-comparative, chart review of 30 patients with LCH involving the ocular adnexa treated at 6 major Australian hospitals. Clinical features, imaging findings, treatment, local and distant recurrence and outcome were evaluated.

Comparison of silastic and banked fascia lata in pediatric frontalis suspension.

Purpose: To compare the use of Silastic and banked fascia lata in pediatric frontalis suspension surgery for functional success, ptosis recurrence, and infection and granuloma rates.

Methods: This retrospective study analyzed the medical records of 72 patients who underwent 131 frontalis suspension operations using either Silastic or banked fascia lata during the past 12 years at Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia.

Results: Functional success rates for primary frontalis suspension procedures were not significantly different for banked fascia lata and Silastic (60% versus 67.

Causes and associations of amblyopia in a population-based sample of 6-year-old Australian children.

Objectives: To describe the prevalence of amblyopia and associated factors in a representative sample of 6-year-old Australian children.

Methods: Logarithm of minimum angle of resolution visual acuity (VA) was measured in both eyes before and after pinhole correction, correcting cylindrical refractive components greater than 0.50 diopter (D), and with spectacles (if worn) in a population-based sample of 1741 schoolchildren.

Distribution of ocular biometric parameters and refraction in a population-based study of Australian children.

Purpose: To study the distribution of spherical equivalent refraction and ocular biometric parameters in a young Australian population.

Methods: Noncontact methods were used to examine ocular dimensions and cycloplegic autorefraction in a stratified random cluster sample of year 1 Sydney school students (n = 1765), mean age 6.7 years (range, 5.

Methods for a population-based study of myopia and other eye conditions in school children: the Sydney Myopia Study.

Purpose: The Sydney Myopia Study will establish the prevalence of myopia and other eye diseases in a large representative sample of Sydney school children. It will also examine the relationship between myopia and potential modifiable risk factors and will assess potential gene-environment interactions by examining parents and siblings.

Methods: The target population is a stratified random cluster sample of 1750 Year 1 (age 6 years) and 1500 Year 7 (age 12 years) students from Sydney metropolitan schools.

Gregg's congenital rubella patients 60 years later.

Background: In 1941, a Sydney ophthalmologist, Norman McAlister Gregg, correctly identified the link between congenital cataracts in infants and maternal rubella early in pregnancy. Fifty of Gregg's subjects with congenital rubella, born in 1939-1944, were reviewed in 1967 and again in 1991. We reviewed this cohort in 2000-2001, 60 years after their intrauterine infection.

The Locus of Bimanual Skill Transfer.

Subjects (N = 128) practiced a typing task with one hand while the other hand either grasped the table leg (experimental condition) or was free (control condition). Subsequently, the other hand showed savings in training in the control but not in the experimental condition. The abolition of transfer of training by engaging the fingers of the test hand in unrelated activity during training suggests that transfer is mediated by irradiation of the emerging motor program from the control center of the training limb to that of the test limb during and not after acquisition.