Effect of high-voltage pulsed current on recovery after grades I and II lateral ankle sprains.

Context: High-voltage pulsed current (HVPC), a form of electrical stimulation, is known to curb edema formation in laboratory animals and is commonly applied for ankle sprains, but the clinical effects remain undocumented.

Objective: To determine whether, as an adjunct to routine acute and subacute care, subsensory HVPC applied nearly continuously for the first 72 h after lateral ankle sprains affected time lost to injury.

Design: Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Effects of Ibuprofen and High-Voltage Electric Stimulation on Acute Edema Formation After Blunt Trauma to Limbs of Rats.

Context: Ibuprofen is widely used to manage pain and inflammation after orthopaedic trauma, but its effect on acute swelling has not been investigated. Cathodal high-voltage pulsed current (CHVPC) at 120 pulses per second and 90% of visible motor threshold is known to curb edema formation after blunt trauma to the hind limbs of rats.Objective: To examine the effects of ibuprofen, continuous CHVPC, and simultaneous ibuprofen and CHVPC on acute edema formation after blunt trauma to the hind limbs of rats.

Effects of Cool-Water Immersion and High-Voltage Electric Stimulation for 3 Continuous Hours on Acute Edema in Rats.

OBJECTIVE: Cool-water immersion (CWI) at 12.8 degrees C (55 degrees F), cathodal high-voltage pulsed current (CHVPC) at 120 pulses per second and 90% of visible motor threshold, or the combination of CWI and CHVPC, applied 30 minutes on, 30 minutes off for 4 hours, are known to curb edema formation after blunt trauma to the hind limbs of rats. Our purpose was to examine the effects of extending treatment times to 3 continuous hours after blunt trauma to the hind limbs of rats.

Cool-Water Immersion and High-Voltage Electric Stimulation Curb Edema Formation in Rats.

OBJECTIVE: Although cryotherapy and high-voltage electric stimulation, both alone and in combination, are commonly applied to curb acute edema, little evidence from randomized controlled studies supports these procedures. Our purpose was to examine the effects of cool-water immersion (CWI) at 12.8 degrees C (55 degrees F), cathodal high-voltage pulsed current (CHVPC) at 120 pulses per second and 90% of visible motor threshold, and the combination of CWI and CHVPC (CWI + CHVPC) on edema formation after impact injury to the hind limbs of rats.

Foot of two-toed sloths: Its anatomy and potential uses relative to size of support.

Feet of two-toed sloths (Choloepus) are long, narrow, hook-like appendages with only three functional digits, numbers II, III, and IV; Rays I and V are represented by metatarsals. Proximal phalanges of complete digits are little more than proximal and distal articulating surfaces. All interphalangeal joints are restricted, by interlocking surfaces, to flexion and extension.

The hand of two -toed sloths (Choloepus): Its anatomy and potential uses relative to size of support.

Hands of two-toed sloths (Choloepus) are long, narrow, hook-like apparatuses with only two functional digits (II and III); rays I and IV are represented only by metacarpals. The proximal phalanges of digits II and III are shortened to essentially proximal and distal articulating surfaces, and all but distal interphalangeal joints of these digits are restricted by interlocking surfaces to minimal ranges of flexion and extension. Several intercarpal joints and the wrist joint, however, allow wide ranges of movement in several axes.

The wrist joint of two-toed sloths and its relevance to brachiating adaptations in the hominoidea.

Two-toed sloths have evolved a wrist complex that includes the following traits: (1) diminution and distal migration of the pisiform, with a loss of contact with the ulna; (2) reduction of the distal end of the ulna to a styloid process; and (3) extremely reduced contact between the ulna and triquetrum. These traits were proposed by Lewis ('65, '74) to be indicative of brachiating habits and to be a unique adaptation of the Hominoidea. Cartmill and Milton ('77) recently found a similar complex in the wrists of the lorisines.