Isolation of a -positive strain in Israel predating the earliest observations from India.

Unlabelled: , the most prevalent carbapenemase among carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, is thought to have emerged in India, as its initial detection in 2008 was linked to this country, and subsequent retrospective surveys had so far established the earliest -positive strains to be isolated in India in 2005. Molecular dating and analyses suggest emerged within species decades prior to 2005 on a Tn transposon. Despite early reports of elevated rates of carbapenem-resistant species in Israel starting in the 1990s, limited molecular data are available from this location.

From the philosophy of measurement to the philosophy of classification: Generalizing the problem of coordination and historical coherentism.

The objective of this paper is twofold. First, I present a framework called historical coherentism (Chang, 2004; Tal, 2016; Van fraassen 2008) and argue that it is the best epistemological framework available to tackle the problem of coordination, an epistemic conundrum that arises with every attempt to provide empirical content to scientific theories, models or statements. Second, I argue that the problem of coordination, which has so far been theorized only in the context of measurement practices (Reichenbach, 1927; Chang, 2001; Tal, 2012; Van fraassen 2008), can be generalized beyond the philosophy of measurement.

The evosystem: A centerpiece for evolutionary studies.

In this paper, we redefine the target of evolutionary explanations by proposing the "evosystem" as an alternative to populations, lineages and species. Evosystems account for changes in the distribution of heritable variation within individual Darwinian populations (evolution by natural selection, drift, or constructive neutral evolution), but also for changes in the networks of interactions within or between Darwinian populations and changes in the abiotic environment (whether these changes are caused by the organic entities or not). The evosystem can thereby become a centerpiece for a redefined evolutionary science, that is, evolutionary studies, that apprehends through a single framework the variety of evolutionary processes that lie at various scales.

Modeling the evolution of interconnected processes: It is the song and the singers: Tracking units of selection with interaction networks.

Recently, Doolittle and Inkpen formulated a thought provoking theory, asserting that evolution by natural selection was responsible for the sideways evolution of two radically different kinds of selective units (also called Domains). The former entities, termed singers, correspond to the usual objects studied by evolutionary biologists (gene, genomes, individuals, species, etc.), whereas the later, termed songs, correspond to re-produced biological and ecosystemic functions, processes, information, and memes.

Networks Consolidate the Core Concepts of Evolution by Natural Selection.

Microbiology has unraveled rich evidence of ongoing reticulate evolutionary processes and complex interactions both within and between cells. These phenomena feature real biological networks, which can logically be analyzed using network-based tools. It is thus not surprising that network sciences, a field independent from evolutionary biology and microbiology, have recently pervasively infused their methods into both fields.