Magnetic Taylor-Proudman Constraint Explains Flows into the Tangent Cylinder.

Tangent cylinders (TCs) have shaped our understanding of planetary dynamos and liquid cores. The Taylor-Proudman constraint creates these imaginary surfaces because of planetary rotation, separating polar and equatorial regions, but cannot explain the flows meandering through them. Here, we establish and verify experimentally that magnetic fields aligned with rotation drive flows into TCs, linked to the flows along TCs by a magnetic Taylor-Proudman constraint.

BCKDK deficiency: a treatable neurodevelopmental disease amenable to newborn screening.

There are few causes of treatable neurodevelopmental diseases described to date. Branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase (BCKDK) deficiency causes branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) depletion and is linked to a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by autism, intellectual disability and microcephaly. We report the largest cohort of patients studied, broadening the phenotypic and genotypic spectrum.

Solute trapping in Al-Cu alloys caused by a 29 Tesla super high static magnetic field.

Solidification of Al-Cu alloys has been investigated using a 29 Tesla super high static magnetic field (SHSMF). The results show that, by imposing a 29 Tesla SHSMF, the size of primary phases and spacing of eutectic structure have been refined through the increase of undercooling which results from the suppression of diffusion coefficient. The diffusion coefficient of atoms in the liquid matrix decreases to be about 1.

Inverse and Direct Energy Cascades in Three-Dimensional Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence at Low Magnetic Reynolds Number.

This experimental study analyzes the relationship between the dimensionality of turbulence and the upscale or downscale nature of its energy transfers. We do so by forcing low-Rm magnetohydrodynamic turbulence in a confined channel, while precisely controlling its dimensionality by means of an externally applied magnetic field. We first identify a specific length scale l[over ^]_{⊥}^{c} that separates smaller 3D structures from larger quasi-2D ones.

Little Earth Experiment: An instrument to model planetary cores.

In this paper, we present a new experimental facility, Little Earth Experiment, designed to study the hydrodynamics of liquid planetary cores. The main novelty of this apparatus is that a transparent electrically conducting electrolyte is subject to extremely high magnetic fields (up to 10 T) to produce electromagnetic effects comparable to those produced by moderate magnetic fields in planetary cores. This technique makes it possible to visualise for the first time the coupling between the principal forces in a convection-driven dynamo by means of Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) in a geometry relevant to planets.

Reproduction, smell, and neurodevelopmental disorders: genetic defects in different hypogonadotropic hypogonadal syndromes.

The neuroendocrine control of reproduction in mammals is governed by a neural hypothalamic network of nearly 1500 gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secreting neurons that modulate the activity of the reproductive axis across life. Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) is a clinical syndrome that is characterized by partial or complete pubertal failure. HH may result from inadequate hypothalamic GnRH axis activation, or a failure of pituitary gonadotropin secretion/effects.