Topographic distribution of pallidal neurons projecting to the thalamus in macaques.

The respective topographic distribution of the pallidal neurons projecting to the central complex (centre médian-parafascicular complex) and to the oral part of the lateral mass of the thalamus was studied by using a topographic technique based on ventricular landmarks. WGA-HRP was stereotactically injected into the central complex of 4 macaques and into the oral part of the lateral mass of the thalamus of 3 others. Neurons projecting to the central complex were located in the caudal, lateral and ventral region of the ipsilateral medial nucleus of the pallidum.

The centre médian and parafascicular thalamic nuclei project respectively to the sensorimotor and associative-limbic striatal territories in the squirrel monkey.

The striatal projections of the centre médian (CM) and parafascicular (Pf) thalamic nuclei were examined in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) by using the lectin wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) as an anterograde tracer. CM was found to project massively to the putamen, where terminal fields appeared principally in the form of oblique bands, and more diffusely to the dorsolateral border of the caudate nucleus. Striatal inputs from Pf were found more rostrally, especially in the ventromedial portion of the putamen, the entire ventromedial half of the caudate nucleus, and the ventral striatum including the nucleus accumbens and the olfactory tubercle.

[Nosocomial Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus septicemias in neonates].

Sixteen neonates developed staphylococcal septicemia (S. epidermidis in 10 cases and S. aureus in six).

[Anatomo-physiologic substratum of akinesia in primates].

Severe akinesia can be observed in macaques following MPTP injections destroying dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons. Akinesia also results from inhalation of toxic substances inducing bilateral lesions of the two pallidal nuclei and of the pars reticulata of the substantia nigra, and not of the pars compacta. Most of the recent studies of the anatomo-physiological substratum of akinesia used MPTP injections.

Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) infection in SWISS and RIII mice. Correlation between resistance to exogenous infection and anti-MMTV serum response.

Host-virus relationships were examined in mice from the two mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-infected strains SWISS MB+ and RIII, which harbour the same MMTV variant, and from the derived sublines Swiss MB- and RIIIf, which were freed of milk-borne MMTV by foster-nursing. These two strains are not phylogenetically related, the SWISS strain bearing the endogenous Mtv-3 locus in its DNA. In RIII and SWISS MB+ mice, the incidence of early mammary tumors, which was of 96% and 8%, respectively, was correlated to the level of MMTV expression in milk.

A topographic study of the course of nigral axons and of the distribution of pallidal axonal endings in the centre médian-parafascicular complex of macaques.

The combination of autoradiographic and topographic methods in macaques reveals that nigral axons only cross through the medial part of the parafascicular nucleus and end more dorsally and anteriorly in the thalamus. Pallidal endings are scarce in the centre médian and essentially located in the lateral parafascicular nucleus. It is proposed here to consider the centre médian-parafascicular complex as a part of the basal ganglia.

Golgi study of the primate substantia nigra. II. Spatial organization of dendritic arborizations in relation to the cytoarchitectonic boundaries and to the striatonigral bundle.

The spatial organization of Golgi-stained dendritic arborizations of the substantia nigra was studied in three dimensions by using a video computer system. Dendritic orientation was analyzed in relation to the cytoarchitectonic boundaries and to the direction of the axons of the striato-pallidonigral bundle. All the brains, humans and macaques, were sectioned according to the same ventricular planes.

Golgi study of the primate substantia nigra. I. Quantitative morphology and typology of nigral neurons.

Neuronal morphology was analyzed in the pars compacta, reticulata, and lateralis of the substantia nigra of humans and macaques. Golgi-impregnated dendritic arborizations, reconstructed from serial sections, were described by using topological, metrical, and geometrical parameters measured in three dimensions. Morphological parameters were statistically analyzed.

Instruments and techniques for the stereotactic surgery based on the CA-CP ventricular system of coordinates in monkeys.

The most widely used conventional stereotactic method utilizing the Horsley-Clarke coordinate system does not allow accurate intracerebral placements. Improving the precision of stereotactic surgery in monkeys has become imperative in neurological research to limit the waste of animals. This problem can be resolved with the use of a stereotactic technique based on ventricular landmarks utilizing "orthogonal teleradiography".

[Relations between the basal ganglia and the thalamus of the primate. New morphologic data. New physiopathologic interpretations].

Considerable progress has been made over the last few years in our knowledge of the thalamus and basal ganglia and their relationships to the cerebral cortex. More detailed topographic studies in the macaque have demonstrated the separation, in the lateral region of the thalamus, between afferent cerebellar and basal ganglia territories. These territories fail to correlate with the subdivision between ventral and dorsal elements or the limits of a single cytoarchitectonic nucleus.

A histological atlas of the macaque (Macaca mulatta) substantia nigra in ventricular coordinates.

An atlas of the macaque substantia nigra was established in ventricular coordinates. Having verified that nigral contours are stable in both Macaca mulatta and Macaca speciosa, the antero-posterior sequence of four subdivisions was described on eight vertico-transverse levels after a comparison between histological and histochemical data. The pars reticulata constitutes the anterior pole containing pale, small cell-bodies scattered among the numerous endings of the striato-pallido-nigral fibres.

Natural infection of Swiss mice with mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV): viral expression in milk and transmission of infection.

Quantitative determinations of gp52, the main envelope glycoprotein, and p28, the main core protein, of MMTV, have been performed in about 1000 individual samples of milk of breeding females from our colony of MMTV-infected Swiss mice, a line characterized by a moderate incidence of mammary tumors. A computer analysis of the results showed: 1-- an important individual variation, ranging from 0 to 120 micrograms per ml of milk for p28, and from 0 to 320 micrograms per ml of milk for gp52; 2-- a variation of the release of both antigens during a single lactation, with a maximum on the 7--8th day of nursing; 3-- an increase of the release of both antigens with parity up to the 6th lactation, followed by a marked decrease during later lactations; 4-- a higher degree of infection in the offspring of 2nd and 3rd litters. The possible dependence of viral expression and transmission of infection upon factors such as cyclic activity of the mammary gland and progressive immunization of mice against MMTV is analyzed.

Localization of nigrostriatal, nigrothalamic and nigrotectal neurons in ventricular coordinates in macaques.

The topography of the substantia nigra and its subdivisions was first analysed in macaques by using a topographic technique based on ventricular landmarks. This study shows the stability of the contours of the substantia nigra and its subdivisions in various species of macaques. The anteroposterior sequence of four subdivisions was standardized by defining eight verticotransverse levels, regularly interspaced and systemically used for each experimental case.

A Golgi analysis of the primate globus pallidus. III. Spatial organization of the striato-pallidal complex.

An atlas of transverse sections of the globus pallidus and striatum was established in macaque with reference to ventricular coordinates. The three-dimensional geometry of the striato-pallidal complex was investigated by means of sagittal and horizontal reconstructions. Both a personal case studied with autoradiography and data from literature were used to analyze the distribution of cortical axons into the striatum.

A Golgi analysis of the primate globus pallidus. II. Quantitative morphology and spatial orientation of dendritic arborizations.

The morphology of pallidal neurons was analyzed quantitatively in Golgi-impregnated brains of men and macaques (Macaca irus). Selected neurons were drawn with a camera lucida and reconstructed from serial sections. Dendritic arborizations were analyzed in three dimensions using a video computer microscope (Yelnik et al.

A Golgi analysis of the primate globus pallidus. I. Inconstant processes of large neurons, other neuronal types, and afferent axons.

The present paper is a Golgi study, with high-power lenses, of the primate globus pallidus. Two kinds of inconstant processes of large neurons are first described: complex endings and thin processes. Complex endings are thick apparatuses terminally located on dendrites having many appendages of various types.

Accessibility and cross-linking of native neurofilaments to chemical reagents.

Native neurofilaments were submitted to cross-linking reactions with bifunctional reagents (DMA, DMS and DSS) and to chemical reactions with sterically bulky reagents such as EEDQ and DTAF , as well as a glutaraldehyde-activated gel. The 160K and 70K neurofilament proteins reacted slightly more than the 210K neurofilament protein with DMS and DSS. The accessibility of the three neurofilaments to the other chemical reagents was identical.

Peroral infection of suckling mice with milk-borne mouse mammary tumour virus: uptake of the main viral antigens by the gut.

Persistence of mouse mammary tumour virus (MMTV) components in the digestive tract of suckling mice was investigated by immunoperoxidase staining of the main viral antigens and micro-immunoenzyme assays of gp52 and p28; these latter assays were also performed after ingestion of milk enriched in viral antigens using Cr2O3 as a marker for the alimentary bolus migration. When compared to the ingested antigens, the amounts of gp52 and p28 decreased during transit, p28 being more rapidly digested than gp52. The antigens were, however, destroyed to a much larger extent in the gut of the adult than in that of the newborn mouse.

Principal component analysis: a suitable method for the 3-dimensional study of the shape, dimensions and orientation of dendritic arborizations.

Our study proposes an objective method of describing 3-dimensional dendritic arborizations of neurons in the best possible conditions. The method is based upon a particular exploitation of statistical "principal component analysis". For each arborization, 3 principal axes are calculated which are its axes of inertia.

Among the human antibodies reacting with intracytoplasmic a particles of mouse mammary tumor virus, some react with MMTV p14, the nucleic-acid-binding protein, and others with MMTV p28, the main core protein.

Human IgG antibodies reacting in the indirect immunofluorescence test with clusters of intracytoplasmic A particles in mouse tissues were analyzed by means of both radioimmunoprecipitation and enzyme-linked immunoabsorbant assays. Generally, antibody-containing sera reacted with epitopes of p14, the nucleic-acid-binding core protein of mouse mammary tumor virus, corresponding to the protein Ap14 of intracytoplasmic A particles. Comparatively few sera reacted with epitopes of the main core protein p28 corresponding to the protein Ap28 of intracytoplasmic A particles.

A computer-aided method for the quantitative analysis of dendritic arborizations reconstructed from serial sections.

We present a methodology for measuring precisely defined morphological parameters on complete dendritic arborizations. Brains are sectioned through anatomical planes which are defined with reference to ventricular landmarks. For each neuron, drawn through the camera lucida, dendritic points are defined and identified by means of a numerical topological codification.

Immunological characterization of a mammary tumour virus from Swiss mice: multiple epitopes associated with the viral gene products.

The major antigens of a mouse mammary tumour virus (MMTV) isolated from the milk of exogenously infected MB+ Swiss mice were compared with the viral components of other MMTV strains by using the methodology developed by Teramoto et al. (1977 a). The anti-gp47 (Swiss) serum differentiated between type- and group-specific antigenic determinants on the major glycoprotein; two distinct type-reactivities were demonstrated, one of them being shared by the MMTVs (Swiss) and (RIII), and the other by the MMTVs (C3H) and (GR).