Uncommon pleural effusion: pleuropulmonary metastasis from primitive neuroectodermal tumor.

Primitive neuroectodermal tumor is an invasive neoplasm with neuronal differentiation, which frequently results in metastasis in various organs. We report the case of a patient with primitive neuroectodermal tumor whose primary site was the axilla. The patient presented with metastases in the lung, pleura, bone, iliac muscle and bone marrow.

The proliferative cytokines TGF-beta and VEGF in pleural effusions post-coronary artery bypass graft.

Unlabelled: Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgeries can impact on the pericardium and pleural space, leading to inflammation which can cause effusion.

Aim: To study the role of the proliferative cytokines TGF-beta and VEGF in the fluids of 16 transudates and 43 pleural effusions of patients who underwent CABG at the Heart Unit and Pulmonology Unit of the University Hospital of São Paulo. Levels of cytokines were assessed 2, 24 and 48 hours post-surgery.

Thymectomy by partial sternotomy for the treatment of myasthenia gravis.

Background: Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease characterized by weakness and fatigue of voluntary muscles. Surgical treatment of choice for myasthenia gravis has been thymectomy. However, thymectomy indications and surgical approach are still controversial.