Evaluating the Incidence and Neuro-Ophthalmic Manifestations of Carotid-Cavernous Fistulas.

Background: To determine the incidence of carotid-cavernous fistula (CCF) and describe the neuro-ophthalmic manifestations and eventual clinical outcomes.

Methods: This was a population-based, retrospective cohort study using the Rochester Epidemiology Project to identify patients aged 18 years or older residing in Olmsted County, MN, diagnosed with CCF from 1997 to 2019. The medical records were reviewed for ophthalmic signs and symptoms, including conjunctival chemosis, proptosis, orbital bruit, diplopia, ophthalmoplegia, orbital pain, ocular hypertension, and blurred vision.

Transient Bilateral Central Scotoma on Awakening: A Distinct Phenomenon.

Background: Transient vision loss can be an alarming symptom owing to potentially serious etiologies such as thromboembolism or giant cell arteritis. Transient monocular vision loss (TVML) on awakening has been recently described as a benign phenomenon (Bouffard et al, 2017). Our objective was to describe the unique phenomenon of transient binocular vision loss (TBVL) on awakening.

Proceedings of the 42nd Annual and First Virtual Upper Midwest Neuro-Ophthalmology Group Meeting, 24 July 2020.

The 42nd meeting of the Upper Midwest Neuro-Ophthalmology Group (UMNOG) took place on 24 July 2020 in an inaugural virtual format due to COVID-19 precautions. Eighty-seven people attended virtually, including 25 trainees, which marked the highest UMNOG meeting attendance on record. We present a synopsis of the meeting presentations.

Next generation sequencing-based molecular diagnosis in familial congenital cataract expands the mutational spectrum in known congenital cataract genes.

Congenital cataract (CC) is a significant cause of childhood blindness worldwide. CC is a genetically heterogeneous disease because mutations in over 40 genes have been demonstrated to cause the disorder and up to 40% of cases arise from single-gene mutations. Hence, next generation sequencing (NGS) of deoxyribonucleic acid is a suitable approach for CC molecular diagnosis.

[The national health system in Peru].

In 1975, a group of professionals in Peru who were experts on national health systems began a process that led the country to be the first in South America to initiate a modern organization of the health system. This pioneering development meant that the creation of the National Health Services System [in Peru] in 1978 occurred before the health system reforms in Chile (1980), Brazil (1990), Colombia (1993), and Ecuador (2008). This encouraging start has had permanent reformist fluctuations since then, with negative development because of the lack of a State policy.

[Inequity in health affects the development in Peru].

Unfair and avoidable differences in exercising the right to health coexist with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights since 1948. Some causes of the persistent inequality inferred after Alma-Ata are insufficient funding, development of national health systems without adequate prioritization, and since the 80s with economic consensus to introduce the health market model. Health in Peru is still an area of little progress, ostensible inequality and limited participation in development.