Wild rabbits are Leishmania infantum reservoirs in southeastern Spain.

Objective: We contribute to the understanding of the transmission dynamics of Leishmania infantum suggesting the involvement of rabbits as wild reservoirs.

Results: The prevalence of infection was 86.0% (270/314 wild rabbits) ranging from 18.

Morphology does not allow differentiating the species of the Phlebotomus perniciosus complex: Molecular characterization and investigation of their natural infection by Leishmania infantum in Morocco.

Morphological and DNA-based complemented approaches were applied for characterization of sympatric populations of Phlebotomus longicuspis and Phlebotomus perniciosus in Morocco. Both sand fly species are generally recorded in sympatry in North Africa but on few occasions have been molecularly characterized. The diagnostic confusion of these species has led to errors in their geographical distribution and probably, in the assignment of their role in the transmission of L.

Effectiveness of an -Alkyl Hydroxamate in Dogs with Naturally Acquired Canine Leishmaniosis: An Exploratory Clinical Trial.

Canine leishmaniosis is a challenge in veterinary medicine and no drug to date has achieved parasite clearance in dogs. Histone deacetylase inhibitors are a drug class widely used in cancer chemotherapy. We have successfully used -alkyl hydroxamates (vorinostat derivatives) in the treatment of a laboratory model of visceral leishmaniasis without showing toxicity.

Leishmaniasis vectors in the environment of treated leishmaniasis cases in Spain.

Transmission of leishmaniasis in endemic areas is characterized by microfocality related to the presence of the vector. Most entomological studies in southwestern Europe have focused on sylvatic areas and town outskirts, very few have sampled town or urban centres, and no survey has investigated inside households. The aim of this study was to determine the sand fly species diversity and vector density in the surroundings of human leishmaniasis cases compared with environments in which there was no association.

Role of wild rabbits as reservoirs of leishmaniasis in a non-epidemic Mediterranean hot spot in Spain.

There is limited information regarding the role of wild mammals in the transmission dynamics of Leishmania infantum. A potential human leishmaniasis hot spot was detected in southern Spain that could not be explained solely by canine leishmaniasis prevalence. The aim of this work was to analyse the involvement of wild rabbits as the main factor affecting this Mediterranean hot spot.

Intra and peridomiciliary comparison of density, sex ratio and gonotrophic stage of Phlebotomus sergenti in an active anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis focus in Morocco.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania tropica represents a major public health problem due to its ability to spread into non-endemic areas by means of its vectors, and the associated dramatic psychosocial impact. The objective of this work was to compare the intra and extradomiciliary density, sex ratio and gonotrophic stage of sand flies from a recent active focus in Morocco. This field study is based on the need to optimize the effectiveness of control programs.

Understanding the factors that determine the emergence of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania tropica in Morocco: Density and mitochondrial lineage of Phlebotomus sergenti in endemic and free areas of leishmaniasis.

Anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) due to Leishmania tropica is spreading to new areas in Morocco. Exposure to the vector, Phlebotomus sergenti, is the only proven risk factor. Our objective was to compare the densities and genetic characteristics of P.

-Alkyl Hydroxamates Display Potent and Selective Antileishmanial Activity.

() causes visceral, cutaneous, and mucosal leishmaniasis in humans and canine leishmaniasis in dogs. Herein, we describe that -alkyl hydroxamate derivatives displayed potent and selective activity against the amastigote stage of while no activity was observed against promastigotes. Compound showed potent activity against .

Leishmaniasis due to Leishmania infantum: Integration of human, animal and environmental data through a One Health approach.

The aim of this study was to explore Leishmania infantum epidemiology through a One Health approach that promotes a better estimation of leishmaniasis burden and a deeper understanding of the spatial distribution of the key actors of the parasite life cycle (vectors, reservoirs and humans). We conducted a 14-year mixed retrospective and prospective study of leishmaniasis cases in an endemic area in southern Spain (Granada province), to estimate the human incidence and its association with the vector presence, cryptic leishmaniasis rates and canine leishmaniasis prevalence. We found an annual linear increase in the incidence that cannot be fully explained by active case surveillance and the improvement of PCR diagnostic techniques.

Vertical transmission may play a greater role in the spread of Leishmania infantum in synanthropic Mus musculus rodents than previously believed.

Vertical transmission of Leishmania infantum was demonstrated in domestic mice captured close to the home of a patient with leishmaniasis. Leishmania infantum DNA was detected in 88.9% of synanthropic Mus musculus adult rodents and 29.

Adherence of nutritional support prescriptions to clinical practice guidelines in patients with anorexia nervosa.

Background: nutritional support (NS) is a core element in the treatment of underweight patients with anorexia nervosa (AN). Objective: to analyze the adherence of NS prescriptions to clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for AN patients and to compare the effectiveness, safety, and cost of NS according to adherence. Methods: this retrospective observational study included AN patients admitted to an Eating Disorders Unit between January 2006 and December 2009 and followed until December 2014.

Asymptomatic Leishmania infection in blood donors from the Southern of Spain.

Objectives: To investigate the proportion of asymptomatic infection among blood donors in a region endemic for Leishmania; and to ascertain epidemiological and genetic factors associated with this condition.

Methods: We studied 1260 blood donors in the Province of Granada in the Southern Spain. After obtaining informed consent in each participant, a poll about habits, housing and contact with animals were carried out.

A nanodelivered Vorinostat derivative is a promising oral compound for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis.

There is currently no satisfactory treatment for visceral leishmaniasis; the disease is thus in desperate need of novel drugs. The ideal candidate should be effective, safe, affordable, and administered via the oral route. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are involved in silencing critical regulatory pathways, including pro-apoptotic programs, and represent potential therapeutic targets for pharmacological interventions.

Risk factors for the expansion of cutaneous leishmaniasis by Leishmania tropica: Possible implications for control programmes.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by Leishmania tropica is emerging in new areas, initially as outbreaks and then establishing endemic foci. There is little evidence of the risk factors and effectiveness of existing control measures, what limits our ability to generalize in different epidemiological settings. The disease is described as anthroponotic; however, zoonotic outbreaks have been reported in some countries.

Adherence of psychopharmacological prescriptions to clinical practice guidelines in patients with eating behavior disorders.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the adherence of psychopharmacological prescriptions to clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for patients with eating behavior disorders (EDs) and to compare the effectiveness, safety, and cost of treatment according to adherence.

Methods: This retrospective observational study included ED patients admitted to the eating disorders unit (EDU) of Ciudad Real Hospital (Spain) between January 2006 and December 2009 and followed until December 2014. Psychopharmaceuticals prescribed during EDU stay(s) were compared with guidelines published by American Psychiatric Association (APA), National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE), and Spanish Ministry of Health and Consumption (SMHC).

Phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera, Phlebotomidae) of Lanzarote Island (Canary Islands, Spain): Ecological survey and evaluation of the risk of Leishmania transmission.

Phlebotomine sandflies are natural vectors of Leishmania spp. and their expansion throughout has been evidenced in the last few years due to the global warming and changes in human behavior, worsening leishmaniasis problem. However, phlebotomine sandflies have been captured in small numbers on the Canary Islands, particularly on the island of Lanzarote, where only one limited survey was carried out almost thirty years ago.

Topical Treatment of Leishmania tropica Infection Using (-)-α-Bisabolol Ointment in a Hamster Model: Effectiveness and Safety Assessment.

There is currently no reliable treatment for the management of cutaneous leishmaniasis, and intralesional antimonial injections remain the main treatment. The present work aims at evaluating the antileishmanial effectiveness and safety of (-)-α-bisabolol (1) in a novel topical formulation on a cutaneous leishmaniasis model involving Leishmania tropica-infected Syrian hamsters. The topical treatment with 1 reduced lesion thickness to 56% at 2.

(-)-α-Bisabolol, a Promising Oral Compound for the Treatment of Visceral Leishmaniasis.

The aim of the present study was to assess the in vitro and in vivo activity of (-)-α-bisabolol (1) against the etiological agents of visceral leishmaniasis. Bone-marrow-derived macrophages were infected with Leishmania infantum or L. donovani promastigotes and incubated with (-)-α-bisabolol at different concentrations.

Epidemiological implications of the use of various methods for the diagnosis of canine leishmaniasis in dogs with different characteristics and in differing prevalence scenarios.

Our aim was to establish the influence on the prevalence of canine leishmaniasis (CanL) of the following: (1) the use of different diagnostic techniques; (2) different positivity thresholds; (3) selection of animals either at random from a population or focused on symptomatic individuals, (4) the function which the dog performs; and (5) scenarios with differing epidemiological characteristic. Three groups of dogs were analysed (416 sampled at random from an endemic area, 71 with symptomatology compatible with CanL and 15 from a non-endemic area) using three serological techniques (indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT), Kalazar Detect(TM) and Q Letitest ELISA) and a PCR-ELISA. The diagnostic technique had a considerable influence on the CanL prevalence value obtained.

Predicting the distribution of canine leishmaniasis in western Europe based on environmental variables.

The domestic dog is the reservoir host of Leishmania infantum, the causative agent of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis endemic in Mediterranean Europe. Targeted control requires predictive risk maps of canine leishmaniasis (CanL), which are now explored. We databased 2187 published and unpublished surveys of CanL in southern Europe.

Genetic structure of Phlebotomus (Larroussius) ariasi populations, the vector of Leishmania infantum in the western Mediterranean: epidemiological implications.

In recent years there has been growing interest in analyzing the geographical variations between populations of different Phlebotomus spp. by comparing the sequences of various genes. However, little is known about the genetic structure of Phlebotomus ariasi.

Canine leishmaniasis in southeastern Spain.

To examine prevalence changes and risk factors for canine leishmaniasis, we conducted a cross-sectional seroprevalence study and a survey during April-June 2006. Seroprevalence had increased at the meso-Mediterranean bioclimatic level over 22 years. Risk was highest for dogs that were older, large, lived outside, and lived at the meso-Mediterranean level.

Use of noninvasive markers to detect Leishmania infection in asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients.

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by Leishmania infantum is a common disease in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected people in the Mediterranean basin. However, most such cases are asymptomatic, and little information about the prevalence of these infections in HIV-infected individuals is available. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of subclinical infection and the relationship between several Leishmania infection markers by noninvasive methods in asymptomatic HIV-infected patients from Southern Spain.

Toscana virus in Spain.

Toscana virus (TOSV, Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae) infection is one of the most prevalent arboviruses in Spain. Within the objectives of a multidisciplinary network, a study on the epidemiology of TOSV was conducted in Granada, in southern Spain. The overall seroprevalence rate was 24.