The Performance and Associated Risks of the Criteria for Sarcopenic Obesity Proposed by the European Association for the Study of Obesity in a Geriatric Population.

Background: There is no gold standard definition of sarcopenic obesity (SO). Our objective is to evaluate the benefit of using the new definition proposed by the European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO) in older people.

Methods: Data from the Toledo Study of Healthy Aging, a study based on a cohort of community-dwelling older adults, were used.

Gender-specific capacity of insulin resistance proxies to predict functional decline in older adults.

Objectives: Insulin resistance determined by Homeostasis Model of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) has been associated with functional decline in non-diabetic older subjects. However, insulin is not routinely assessed. The study evaluated the predictive value of non-insulin-dependent IR surrogates on functional decline in non-diabetic older men and women.

Impact of frailty, early vascular decline and subclinical cognitive impairment in midlife adults: study protocol of the Toledo Study for Healthy Ageing in middle age.

Life expectancy has increased worldwide alongside a rise in disability prevalence during old age. The impact and interrelationship among the precursors of disability in midlife remain to be better understood. Furthermore, investigating whether lifestyle factors may potentially influence health outcomes and the prognosis of vascular disease could be especially relevant among the middle-aged population, which is a priority subpopulation when prevention is the goal.

Relationship of body composition with middle cerebral artery hemodynamic using compositional data analysis: Toledo Study for Healthy Ageing in middle age.

Excess adipose tissue may promote chronic systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, causing endothelial damage. Early evidence indicates that obesity may be associated with poorer cerebral perfusion. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between body composition and cerebral hemodynamics.

Diagnostic and prognostic value of calf circumference for sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults.

Background: An age-dependent normative values of calf circumference (CC) has been recently proposed as an accessible proxy for muscle mass. However, its usefulness to estimate sarcopenia has not been assessed. The objectives of the present study were to determine if the substitution of the classical way to assess muscle mass by these values have enough diagnostic accuracy and prognostic value among older adults living in the community.

Metabolic equivalents intensity thresholds for physical activity classification in older adults.

Background: Although the metabolic equivalents (METs) system is a common procedure to quantify the intensity of physical activity in older adults, it remains unclear whether the conventional METs intensity thresholds (CTs) used for this purpose are appropriate in this population. Therefore, this study aimed (i) to derive overall and fitness-specific METs intensity thresholds in older adults ≥ 60 years old (OATs) expressed both in standard METs (VO/3.5 mL O·kg·min) and older adults METs (VO/2.

Relationship of endogenous plasma concentrations of β-hydroxy β-methyl butyrate (HMB) with frailty in community dwelling older adults with type-2 diabetes mellitus.

Background: Supplementation with β-hydroxy β-methyl butyrate (HMB) appears to be effective in preserving muscle in older adults. However, the association between endogenously produced HMB with frailty has not been studied in people with chronic disease.

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to explore whether an association exists between endogenous HMB levels and frailty status in older adults with type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Association between endogenous plasma beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate levels and frailty in community-dwelling older people.

Background: Frailty is a key element in healthy ageing in which muscle performance plays a main role. Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation has shown favourable effects in modulating protein synthesis, improving muscle mass and function in interventional studies. Decreased age-related endogenous HMB levels have been shown in previous studies.

Fat Mass Accounts for Insulin Resistance Impact on Functional Decline and Mortality in Nondiabetic Older Adults.

Objective: To assess the potential role of body composition in the association of insulin resistance (IR) with functional decline and mortality in nondiabetic older persons.

Design: Longitudinal population-based cohort of community-dwelling people from Toledo, Spain, aged 65 years or older.

Setting And Participants: A total of 1114 nondiabetic persons from the Toledo Study of Healthy Aging cohort (mean age: 74.

Power-oriented resistance training combined with high-intensity interval training in pre-frail and frail older people: comparison between traditional and cluster training set configurations on the force-velocity relationship, physical function and frailty.

Objectives: To analyse the force-velocity relationship changes in response to two different training programmes differing in the set configuration (cluster vs. traditional), and their impact on physical function and frailty in pre-frail and frail older adults.

Methods: 43 pre-frail and frail (Frailty Phenotype ≥ 1 criteria) older adults (81.

Optimization of VO and VCO outputs for the calculation of resting metabolic rate using a portable indirect calorimeter.

This study aimed to compare the Cosmed K5 portable indirect calorimeter, using the mixing chamber mode and face mask, with a stationary metabolic cart when measuring the resting metabolic rate (RMR) and to derive fitting equations if discrepancies are observed. Forty-three adults (18-84 years) were assessed for their RMR for two 30-min consecutive and counterbalanced periods using a Cosmed K5 and an Oxycon Pro. Differences among devices were tested using paired sample Student's t-tests, and correlation and agreement were assessed using Pearson's correlation coefficients, intraclass correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman plots.

Predictors of Maintained Transitions Between Robustness and Prefrailty in Community-Dwelling Older Spaniards.

Objectives: We aimed to explore predictors of sustained transitions (those that are maintained for an extra follow-up) between robustness and prefrailty in both directions.

Design: Longitudinal population-based cohort.

Setting And Participants: Community-dwelling Spaniards 65 years or older from the Toledo Study of Healthy Ageing.

Physical performance measures in frailty screening: diagnostic and prognostic accuracy in the Toledo Study of Healthy Ageing.

Introduction: The present study aimed to explore the diagnostic and prognostic accuracy of standard and population-specific Physical Performance Measures (PPMs) cut-off points for frailty screening.

Design: Prospective cohort study.

Setting And Participants: Population-based study including 2328 subjects from the Toledo Study of Healthy Aging (age = 76.

Differential Association of Frailty and Sarcopenia With Mortality and Disability: Insight Supporting Clinical Subtypes of Frailty.

Objectives: Sarcopenia and frailty have been shown separately to predict disability and death in old age. Our aim was to determine if sarcopenia may modify the prognosis of frailty regarding both mortality and disability, raising the existence of clinical subtypes of frailty depending on the presence of sarcopenia.

Design: A Spanish longitudinal population-based study.

Impact of Relative Muscle Power on Hospitalization and All-Cause Mortality in Older Adults.

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship of lower-limb muscle power with mortality and hospitalization.

Methods: A total of 1 928 participants from the Toledo Study for Healthy Aging were included. Muscle power was assessed with the 5-repetition sit-to-stand test and participants were classified into different groups of relative power (ie, normalized to body mass) according to sex-specific tertiles and their inability to perform the test.

Transitions Between Frailty States and Its Predictors in a Cohort of Community-Dwelling Spaniards.

Objectives: Study the frequency and determinants of frailty transitions in a community-dwelling older population.

Design: Population-based prospective longitudinal study [The Toledo Study of Healthy Ageing (TSHA)].

Setting And Participants: 1748 community-dwelling individuals aged >65 years living in Toledo, a Spanish province.

Changes in Health Behaviors, Mental and Physical Health among Older Adults under Severe Lockdown Restrictions during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Spain.

We used data from 3041 participants in four cohorts of community-dwelling individuals aged ≥65 years in Spain collected through a pre-pandemic face-to-face interview and a telephone interview conducted between weeks 7 to 15 after the beginning of the COVID-19 lockdown. On average, the confinement was not associated with a deterioration in lifestyle risk factors (smoking, alcohol intake, diet, or weight), except for a decreased physical activity and increased sedentary time, which reversed with the end of confinement. However, chronic pain worsened, and moderate declines in mental health, that did not seem to reverse after restrictions were lifted, were observed.

New Insights on the Conversion Reaction Mechanism in Metal Oxide Electrodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Due to the abundance and low cost of exchanged metal, sodium-ion batteries have attracted increasing research attention for the massive energy storage associated with renewable energy sources. Nickel oxide (NiO) thin films have been prepared by magnetron sputtering (MS) deposition under an oblique angle configuration (OAD) and used as electrodes for Na-ion batteries. A systematic chemical, structural and electrochemical analysis of this electrode has been carried out.

A robust machine learning framework to identify signatures for frailty: a nested case-control study in four aging European cohorts.

Phenotype-specific omic expression patterns in people with frailty could provide invaluable insight into the underlying multi-systemic pathological processes and targets for intervention. Classical approaches to frailty have not considered the potential for different frailty phenotypes. We characterized associations between frailty (with/without disability) and sets of omic factors (genomic, proteomic, and metabolomic) plus markers measured in routine geriatric care.

Higher sRAGE Levels Predict Mortality in Frail Older Adults with Cardiovascular Disease.

Introduction: The evidence that blood levels of the soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) predict mortality in people with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is inconsistent. To clarify this matter, we investigated if frailty status influences this association.

Methods: We analysed data of 1,016 individuals (median age, 75 years) from 3 population-based European cohorts, enrolled in the FRAILOMIC project.

Frailty Trait Scale-Short Form: A Frailty Instrument for Clinical Practice.

Objectives: To develop short versions of the Frailty Trait Scale (FTS) for use in clinical settings.

Design: Prospective population-based cohort study.

Setting And Participants: Data from 1634 participants from the Toledo Study for Healthy Aging.

Associations of fat-soluble micronutrients and redox biomarkers with frailty status in the FRAILOMIC initiative.

Background: A poor fat-soluble micronutrient (FMN) and a high oxidative stress status are associated with frailty. Our aim was to determine the cross-sectional association of FMNs and oxidative stress biomarkers [protein carbonyls (PrCarb) and 3-nitrotyrosine] with the frailty status in participants older than 65 years.

Methods: Plasma levels of vitamins A (retinol), D , E (α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol) and carotenoids (α-carotene and β-carotene, lycopene, lutein/zeaxanthin, and β-cryptoxanthin), PrCarb, and 3-nitrotyrosine were measured in 1450 individuals of the FRAILOMIC initiative.

Homocysteine and C-Reactive Protein Levels Are Associated With Frailty in Older Spaniards: The Toledo Study for Healthy Aging.

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and homocysteine (Hcy) are inflammation markers but are also related to cardiovascular diseases, disability, or higher risk of death. Although inflammation is considered to be associated with frailty, data regarding the association between hsCRP or Hcy and frailty are controversial or scarce, especially with respect to their association with prefrailty. Thus, our objective was to study the association of hsCRP and Hcy with prefrailty and frailty in 1,211 Spanish men and women aged 65-98 years from the Toledo Study for Healthy Aging (TSHA) cohort, classified according to Fried's criteria.

Increased levels of soluble Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-products (RAGE) are associated with a higher risk of mortality in frail older adults.

Objective: to evaluate the relationship between serum levels of the soluble Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-products (sRAGE) and mortality in frail and non-frail older adults.

Methods: we studied 691 subjects (141 frail and 550 non-frail) with a median age of 75 years from two population-based cohorts, the Toledo Study of Healthy Aging and the AMI study, who were enrolled to the FRAILOMIC initiative. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis were used to assess the relationship between baseline sRAGE and mortality.