Expression profile of microRNAs related with viral infectivity, inflammatory response, and immune activation in people living with HIV.

Objective: To evaluate the serum expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) with ability to modulate the human immunodeficiency (HIV) replication or inflammatory status in people living with HIV (PLWH).

Methods: Forty healthy controls and two groups of PLWH were evaluated: (a) Group 1 ( = 30), patients with detectable viral load at inclusion, analyzed before receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) and 12 months after initiating it; (b) Group 2 ( = 55), PLWH with prolonged undetectable viral load. Intestinal barrier disruption (I-FABP) and bacterial translocation (16S rDNA) markers, inflammatory markers such as interleukin (IL)-6 and sCD163, immune activation and expression of specific miRNAs were evaluated.

Loss of TMEM106B exacerbates C9ALS/FTD DPR pathology by disrupting autophagosome maturation.

Disruption to protein homeostasis caused by lysosomal dysfunction and associated impairment of autophagy is a prominent pathology in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia (ALS/FTD). The most common genetic cause of ALS/FTD is a G4C2 hexanucleotide repeat expansion in (C9ALS/FTD). Repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN) translation of G4C2 repeat transcripts gives rise to dipeptide repeat (DPR) proteins that have been shown to be toxic and may contribute to disease etiology.

Implication of Neutrophils Extracellular Traps in the Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia.

Peripheral blood polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) forming extracellular traps (NETs), as well as endothelial- and platelet-derived parameters, have been analyzed in patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, and their prognostic role has been evaluated. Eighty-seven consecutive patients hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia were prospectively selected. A sample of 30 healthy individuals served as the control group.

Hepatitis C: Problems to extinction and residual hepatic and extrahepatic lesions after sustained virological response.

Loss of follow-up or reinfections hinder the expectations of hepatitis C eradication despite the existence of highly effective treatments. Moreover, the elimination of the infection does not imply the reversion of those chronic alterations derived from the previous infection by hepatitis C virus (HCV). This review analyzes the risk factors associated with loss to follow-up in diagnosis or treatment, and the possibility of reinfection.

Neutrophil Expression of T and B Immunomodulatory Molecules in HIV Infection.

Objective: Evaluate the expression of B and T cell immunomodulatory molecules in polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) in HIV-infected patients.

Methods: HIV load, bacterial translocation and neutrophils' expression of T [programmed death ligand, interleukin-10+, arginase 1+] and B [BAFF, APRIL] molecules were analyzed in different cohorts and time points: a control group of 25 healthy individuals and two groups of HIV-infected patients. Group 1 of patients included 35 untreated patients, studied at baseline and after antiretroviral therapy (ART).

Modifications of liver stiffness and CXCL4, TGF-β1 and HGF are similar in HCV- and HIV/HCV-infected patients after DAAs.

The objective of this work was to identify predictive factors of fibrosis regression after direct antiviral agents (DAAs) in HCV-monoinfected and HIV/HCV-coinfected patients. This was a prospective study of HCV-monoinfected (n = 20), HIV/HCV-co-infected (n = 66) patients and healthy controls (n = 15). Patients had started DAAs and achieved sustained virological response.

Similarities and differences between HIV and SARS-CoV-2.

In the last 50 years we have experienced two big pandemics, the HIV pandemic and the pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2. Both pandemics are caused by RNA viruses and have reached us from animals. These two viruses are different in the transmission mode and in the symptoms they generate.