Bilateral anterior dislocation of the shoulder: review of seventy cases and proposal of a new etiological-mechanical classification.

Background: Although anterior shoulder dislocation is common in everyday practice in Emergency Departments, bilateral presentation is a rare entity.

Objectives: The aim of this article is to report two additional cases of this rare injury and to introduce a new mechanism that can produce it. We made an exhaustive review of the literature and found 68 cases in printed publications.

Fluoroquinolone-resistant Brucella melitensis mutants obtained in vitro.

Three fluoroquinolone-resistant Brucella melitensis mutants were obtained after successive passages on norfloxacin-containing agar plates. The original strain was B. melitensis biovar 2 ATCC 23457.

Transcriptional upregulation of genes related to virulence activation in Entamoeba histolytica.

Background: To understand the molecular basis of virulence variability in Entamoeba histolytica, this study presents results about differential gene expression induced by E. histolytica trophozoites in liver of hamsters in order to produce experimental amebic liver abscess (ALA) and consequently reactivate its virulence.

Methods: Amebic cultures were studied before (BALA) and after (AALA) inoculation in hamster peritoneal cavity.

Synoviocyte-derived CXCL12 is displayed on endothelium and induces angiogenesis in rheumatoid arthritis.

CXCL12 (stromal cell-derived factor-1) is a potent CXC chemokine that is constitutively expressed by stromal resident cells. Although it is considered a homeostatic rather than an inflammatory chemokine, CXCL12 has been immunodetected in different inflammatory diseases, but also in normal tissues, ant its potential functions and regulation in inflammation are not well known. In this study, we examined the cellular sources of CXCL12 gene expression and the mechanism and effects of its interactions with endothelial cells in rheumatoid arthritis synovium.