Climate variability links to changes in Rioja wine (Spain).

This study investigates the impact of regional climate changes on the production, quality, chemical composition, and phenological patterns of Rioja wine in Spain from 1993 to 2017. Data from DOCa Rioja and the Marqués de Riscal winery were analyzed in conjunction with meteorological and remote sensing data to provide a comprehensive evaluation. The findings reveal an increase in alcohol content and pH, coupled with a decrease in acidity, correlative to phenological shifts such as earlier grape ripening and reduced leaf canopy.