Subjective cognitive decline, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia - syndromic approach: recommendations of the Scientific Department of Cognitive Neurology and Aging of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology.

This consensus, performed by the Brazilian Academy of Neurology (BAN) will approach practically how to evaluate patients with cognitive complaints and how to clinically and etiologically diagnose the three clinical syndromes associated with the different stages of cognitive decline: subjective cognitive decline (SCD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. This BAN consensus discusses SCD diagnosis for the first time, updates MCI and dementia diagnoses, recommends the adequate cognitive tests and the relevant etiological work-up and care of patients with cognitive decline at different levels of care within the Brazilian Unified Health System. We also review the main assessment instruments used in Brazil and Latin America.

Diagnosis of vascular cognitive impairment: recommendations of the scientific department of cognitive neurology and aging of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology.

Since the publication of the latest recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of Vascular Dementia by the Brazilian Academy of Neurology in 2011, significant advances on the terminology and diagnostic criteria have been made. This manuscript is the result of a consensus among experts appointed by the Scientific Department of Cognitive Neurology and Aging of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology (2020-2022). We aimed to update practical recommendations for the identification, classification, and diagnosis of Vascular Cognitive Impairment (VCI).

Diagnosis of frontotemporal dementia: recommendations of the Scientific Department of Cognitive Neurology and Aging of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology.

"Frontotemporal dementia" (FTD) is a clinical syndrome characterized by the focal involvement of the frontal and/or temporal lobes. FTD has three clinical phenotypes: the behavioral variant and two linguistic subtypes, namely, non-fluent/agrammatic primary progressive aphasia (PPA-NF/A) and semantic PPA (PPA-S). FTD is the second most common cause of dementia in individuals under the age of 65 years.

Diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: recommendations of the Scientific Department of Cognitive Neurology and Aging of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology.

This paper presents the consensus of the Scientific Department of Cognitive Neurology and Aging from the Brazilian Academy of Neurology on the diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer's disease (AD) in Brazil. The authors conducted a literature review regarding clinical and research criteria for AD diagnosis and proposed protocols for use at primary, secondary, and tertiary care levels. Within this clinical scenario, the diagnostic criteria for typical and atypical AD are presented as well as clinical, cognitive, and functional assessment tools and complementary propaedeutics with laboratory and neuroimaging tests.

Diagnosis and management of Parkinson's disease dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies: recommendations of the Scientific Department of Cognitive Neurology and Aging of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology.

Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) represent the second most common type of degenerative dementia in patients aged 65 years and older, leading to progressive cognitive dysfunction and impaired quality of life. This study aims to provide a consensus based on a systematic Brazilian literature review and a comprehensive international review concerning PDD and DLB. Moreover, we sought to report on and give recommendations about the best diagnostic approaches focusing on primary and secondary care.

Management in severe dementia: recommendations of the Scientific Department of Cognitive Neurology and Aging of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative dementias have a progressive course, impairing cognition, functional capacity, and behavior. Most studies have focused on AD. Severe dementia is associated with increased age, higher morbidity-mortality, and rising costs of care.

Treatment of dementia: recommendations of the Scientific Department of Cognitive Neurology and Aging of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology.

There is currently no cure for neurodegenerative or vascular dementias, but some pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions may contribute to alleviate symptoms, slow disease progression and improve quality of life. Current treatment approaches are based on etiology, symptom profile and stage of dementia. This manuscript presents recommendations on pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments of dementia due to Alzheimer's disease, vascular cognitive impairment, frontotemporal dementia, Parkinson's disease dementia, and dementia with Lewy bodies.

Correlation between changes in Timed Up and Go performance and cognition in older people with mild cognitive impairment: A longitudinal study.

Background: Compare changes in performance on subtasks of the Timed Up and Go test over 32 months in older adults with and without mild cognitive impairment; analyze the correlation between frontal cognitive functions at baseline and changes in Timed Up and Go subtasks over time.

Methods: A longitudinal study was conducted involving 31 older adults (15 with and 16 without cognitive impairment). Functional mobility was assessed at both evaluations using an adapted version of the Timed Up and Go test and the Qualisys motion system.

Intracranial pressure waveform changes in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment.

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is known to cause an enormous impairment to the quality of life and impact in the health system; meanwhile, studies show that in the coming years, the number of affected individuals will continue to grow. It is also believed that amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) could represent an early symptomatic form of AD, which precedes dementia.

Methods: The present study aimed to evaluate the intracranial pressure (ICP) through a noninvasive method in patients with AD and MCI, seeking for differences when compared to healthy elderlies.

Changes in executive function and gait in people with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease.

Unlabelled: Changes in executive function and motor aspects can compromise the prognosis of older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and favor the evolution to dementia.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in executive function and gait and to determine the association between changes in these variables.

Methods: A 32-month longitudinal study was conducted with 40 volunteers: 19 with preserved cognition (PrC), 15 with MCI and 6 with Alzheimer disease (AD).

Emotional disorders evidenced by family caregivers of older people with Alzheimer's disease.

Unlabelled: The task of caring for a family member with dementia is associated with caregiver physical and emotional problems. The patient's decline in health and specific needs contribute directly to this situation.

Objective: To evaluate burden, stress, depression and anxiety symptoms in family caregivers of elderly with Alzheimer's disease.

Burnout syndrome in informal caregivers of older adults with dementia: A systematic review.

Unlabelled: Dementia is a constant concern for the public health system. Also, it impacts family members who provide informal care, often culminating in overload due to the emotional stress and physical distress of caregivers.

Objective: This systematic review aimed to identify the consequences of Burnout Syndrome in informal caregivers of older adults with dementia.

Subjective cognitive impairment, cognitive disorders and self-perceived health: The importance of the informant.

Unlabelled: There is great divergence of results in the literature regarding the clinical relevance and etiology of subjective cognitive impairment (SCI). Currently, SCI is studied as a pre-clinical symptom of Alzheimer's disease, before establishing a possible diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The hypothesis was that SCI is associated with low cognitive performance and poor self-perceived health.

Diagnosing dementia and cognitive dysfunction in the elderly in primary health care: A systematic review.

Unlabelled: Dementia is a public health issue making the screening and diagnosing of dementia and its prodromal phases in all health settings imperative.

Objective: using PRISMA, this systematic review aimed to identify how low-, middle-, and high-income countries establish dementia and cognitive dysfunction diagnoses in primary health care.

Methods: studies from the past five years in English, Spanish, and Portuguese were retrieved from Scopus, PubMed, Embase, Lilacs, Scielo, and Web of Science.

Dependence between cognitive impairment and metabolic syndrome applied to a Brazilian elderly dataset.

Globally, the proportion of elderly individuals in the population has increased substantially in the last few decades. However, the risk factors that should be managed in advance to ensure a natural process of mental decline due to aging remain unknown. In this study, a dataset consisting of a Brazilian elderly sample was modelled using a Bayesian Network (BN) approach to uncover connections between cognitive performance measures and potential influence factors.

Dual-task as a predictor of falls in older people with mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer's disease: a prospective cohort study.

Background: A dual-task tool with a challenging and daily secondary task, which involves executive functions, could facilitate the screening for risk of falls in older people with mild cognitive impairment or mild Alzheimer's disease.

Objective: To verify if a motor-cognitive dual-task test could predict falls in older people with mild cognitive impairment or mild Alzheimer's disease, and to establish cutoff scores for the tool for both groups.

Methods: A prospective study was conducted with community-dwelling older adults, including 40 with mild cognitive impairment and 38 with mild Alzheimer's disease.

Differences in Timed Up and Go Subtasks Between Older People With Mild Cognitive Impairment and Mild Alzheimer's Disease.

This study compared performances of timed up and go test subtasks between 40 older people with preserved cognition, 40 with mild cognitive impairment, and 38 with mild Alzheimer's disease. The assessment consisted of anamneses and timed up and go test subtasks (sit-to-stand, walking forward, turn, walking back, and turn-to-sit). Data were captured by Qualisys Track Manager software and processed by Visual3D software.

microRNA 221 Targets ADAM10 mRNA and is Downregulated in Alzheimer's Disease.

ADAM10 is the α-secretase that cleaves amyloid-β protein precursor in the non-amyloidogenic pathway in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is known to be regulated by different microRNAs (miRNAs), which are post-transcriptional regulators related to several biological and pathological processes, including AD. Here we proposed to explore and validate miRNAs that have direct or indirect relations to the AD pathophysiology and ADAM10 gene. Approximately 700 miRNAs were analyzed and 21 differentially expressed miRNAs were validated in a sample of 21 AD subjects and 17 cognitively healthy matched controls.

Risk Factors for Falls in Older Adults With Mild Cognitive Impairment and Mild Alzheimer Disease.

Background And Purpose: Understanding fall risk factors in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer disease (AD) can help to establish specific plans for prevention of falls. The purpose of this study was to identify fall risk factors in older adults with MCI and mild AD.

Methods: A prospective study was conducted with community-dwelling older adults (40 MCI; 38 mild AD).

Gait, dual task and history of falls in elderly with preserved cognition, mild cognitive impairment, and mild Alzheimer's disease.

Background: Studies with functional and applicable methods and new cognitive demands involving executive function are needed to improve screening, prevention and rehabilitation of cognitive impairment and falls.

Objective: to identify differences in gait, dual task performances, and history of falls between elderly people with preserved cognition, mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer's disease.

Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted.

Cognitive Correlates of Timed Up and Go Subtasks in Older People With Preserved Cognition, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Alzheimer's Disease.

Objective: To determine whether impaired Timed Up and Go Test (TUG) subtask performances are associated with specific cognitive domains among older people with preserved cognition (PC), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and mild Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Design: TUG subtasks performances were assessed by the Qualisys motion system. Cognition was assessed by Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination and the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB).

Serotoninergic antidepressants positively affect platelet ADAM10 expression in patients with Alzheimer's disease.

Background: Studies have demonstrated a decreased platelet ADAM10 expression in patients with Alzheimer's Disease (AD), classifying this protein as a blood-based AD biomarker. About 50% of the patients with AD are diagnosed with depression, which is commonly treated with tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressants, monoaminoxidade (MAO) inhibitors and, more preferably, with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Considering that a large proportion of patients with AD takes antidepressant medications during the course of the disease we investigated the influence of this medication on the expression of platelet ADAM10, which is considered the main α-secretase preventing beta-amyloid (βA) formation.

Subjective memory complaints associated with depression and cognitive impairment in the elderly: A systematic review.

Unlabelled: The aging process can be accompanied by a slight decline in cognitive functioning, and subjective memory complaints (SMC) appear to be common in the elderly population.

Objective: To determine whether SMC is associated with cognitive loss or depression and can predict dementia.

Methods: A systematic review of the literature was conducted.

[Cultural adaptation of the scale Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia - PAINAD to Brazil].

Objective: To translate and culturally adapt to Brazil the scale Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia(PAINAD).

Method: The cultural adaptation process followed the methodology of a theorical reference, in five steps: translation to Brazilian Portuguese, consensual version of translations, back-translation to the original language, revision by a committee of specialists in the field and a equivalency pre-test. The instrument was assessed and applied by 27 health professionals in the last step.