Membrane Vesicles of Toxigenic Affect the Metabolism of Liver HepG2 Cells.

infection (CDI) appears to be associated with different liver diseases. secretes membrane vesicles (MVs), which may be involved in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NALFD) and drug-induced liver injury (DILI). In this study, we investigated the presence of -derived MVs in patients with and without CDI, and analyzed their effects on pathways related to NAFLD and DILI in HepG2 cells.

The Metagenomic Composition and Effects of Fecal-Microbe-Derived Extracellular Vesicles on Intestinal Permeability Depend on the Patient's Disease.

The composition and impact of fecal-microbe-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) present in different diseases has not been analyzed. We determined the metagenomic profiling of feces and fecal-microbe-derived EVs from healthy subjects and patients with different diseases (diarrhea, morbid obesity and Crohn's disease (CD)) and the effect of these fecal EVs on the cellular permeability of Caco-2 cells. The control group presented higher proportions of and and lower proportions of , and in EVs when compared with the feces from which these EVs were isolated.

Oleic acid regulates the circadian rhythm of adipose tissue in obesity.

The effect of oleic acid (OA) on the regulation of the circadian rhythm present in human visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) adipose tissue from patients with morbid obesity has not been analyzed yet. VAT and SAT explants from patients with morbid obesity were incubated with OA to analyze the circadian regulation of clock and other genes related to lipid metabolism (SREBP-1c, FAS, LPL and CPT1), and their association with baseline variables and the improvement of these patients after bariatric surgery. There were significant differences in amplitude and acrophase in VAT with respect to SAT.

Morbid Obesity in Women Is Associated with an Altered Intestinal Expression of Genes Related to Cancer Risk and Immune, Defensive, and Antimicrobial Response.

Background: Little is known about the relation between morbid obesity and duodenal transcriptomic changes. We aimed to identify intestinal genes that may be associated with the development of obesity regardless of the degree of insulin resistance (IR) of patients.

Material And Methods: Duodenal samples were assessed by microarray in three groups of women: non-obese women and women with morbid obesity with low and high IR.

An Isolated Dose of Extra-Virgin Olive Oil Produces a Better Postprandial Gut Hormone Response, Lipidic, and Anti-Inflammatory Profile that Sunflower Oil: Effect of Morbid Obesity.

Introduction: This study evaluates the effects of 25 mL of three types of oils [extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO), olive oil (OO), and sunflower oil (SO)] on postprandial (3 h) satiety markers and variables related to metabolic status and inflammation in non-obese patients (n = 6) and in those with morbid obesity (n = 6), before and 1 year after Roux-en-Y gastric by-pass (RYGB).

Methods And Results: After EVOO intake, serum acylated ghrelin decreases and GLP1 increases more than with OO and SO. EVOO causes a higher increase of insulin and lower postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and free fatty acid levels than with OO and SO.

Oleic acid restores the rhythmicity of the disrupted circadian rhythm found in gastrointestinal explants from patients with morbid obesity.

Background & Aims: We investigated whether oleic acid (OA), one of the main components of the Mediterranean diet, participates in the regulation of the intestinal circadian rhythm in patients with morbid obesity.

Methods: Stomach and jejunum explants from patients with morbid obesity were incubated with oleic acid to analyze the regulation of clock genes.

Results: Stomach explants showed an altered circadian rhythm in CLOCK, BMAL1, REVERBα, CRY1, and CRY2, and an absence in PER1, PER2, PER3 and ghrelin (p > 0.

AMPK-Dependent Mechanisms but Not Hypothalamic Lipid Signaling Mediates GH-Secretory Responses to GHRH and Ghrelin.

GH (growth hormone) secretion/action is modulated by alterations in energy homeostasis, such as malnutrition and obesity. Recent data have uncovered the mechanism by which hypothalamic neurons sense nutrient bioavailability, with a relevant contribution of AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) and mTOR (mammalian Target of Rapamycin), as sensors of cellular energy status. However, whether central AMPK-mediated lipid signaling and mTOR participate in the regulation of pituitary GH secretion remains unexplored.

Oleic Acid Protects Against Insulin Resistance by Regulating the Genes Related to the PI3K Signaling Pathway.

Background: The effects of different types of fatty acids on the gene expression of key players in the IRS1/PI3K signaling pathway have been poorly studied.

Material And Methods: We analyzed IRS1, p85α, and p110β mRNA expression and the fatty acid composition of phospholipids in visceral adipose tissue from patients with morbid obesity and from non-obese patients. Moreover, we analyzed the expression of those genes in visceral adipocytes incubated with oleic, linoleic, palmitic and dosahexaenoic acids.

Different Expression of Duodenal Genes Related to Insulin Resistance Between Nonobese Women and Those with Severe Obesity.

Objective: The study aim was to identify changes in duodenal gene expression associated with the development of insulin resistance according to the BMI of women.

Methods: Duodenal samples were assessed by microarray in four groups of women, nonobese women and women with severe obesity, with both low and high insulin resistance.

Results: There was a group of shared downregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to tissue homeostasis and antimicrobial humoral response in women with higher insulin resistance both with severe obesity and without obesity.

Jejunal Insulin Signalling Is Increased in Morbidly Obese Subjects with High Insulin Resistance and Is Regulated by Insulin and Leptin.

Little is known about the jejunal insulin signalling pathways in insulin resistance/diabetes states and their possible regulation by insulin/leptin. We study in jejunum the relation between insulin signalling and insulin resistance in morbidly obese subjects with low (MO-low-IR) or with high insulin resistance (MO-high-IR), and with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin (MO-metf-T2DM)), and the effect of insulin/leptin on intestinal epithelial cells (IEC). Insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS1) and the catalytic p110β subunit (p110β) of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) were higher in MO-high-IR than in MO-low-IR.

Increased PON lactonase activity in morbidly obese patients is associated with impaired lipid profile.

Aims: The paraoxonase-1 (PON1) enzyme could play an important role in the anti-oxidant capacity of high-density lipoprotein. However, there are no studies which analyse the evolution of the three activities of PON1 (PON arylesterase, PON paraoxonase and PON lactonase) after Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) in morbidly obese subjects. We analysed the association of PON concentration and activities with the evolution of morbidly obese subjects who underwent RYGB, and its relationship with biochemical variables and different atherogenic indices.

The changes in the transcriptomic profiling of subcutaneous adipose tissue after bariatric surgery depend on the insulin resistance state.

Background: The changes that are produced in the gene expression of subcutaneous adipose tissue after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass are not yet fully known.

Objective: To identify the changes in the subcutaneous adipose tissue gene expression of morbidly obese women with low insulin resistance (MO-low-IR) and high insulin resistance (MO-high-IR) to find a relationship with measured obesity-related co-morbidities.

Setting: A university hospital.

Tissue-Specific Phenotype and Activation of iNKT Cells in Morbidly Obese Subjects: Interaction with Adipocytes and Effect of Bariatric Surgery.

Background: The immune response of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in obesity, in particular the role of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, has not yet been fully elucidated.

Objective: To characterize iNKT cells and its activation status in VAT and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in morbidly obese subjects (MO), and to analyze their association with metabolic parameters.

Subjects And Methods: Twenty non-obese and 20 MO subjects underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and were studied before and 6 months after RYGB.

Dietary fatty acids modulate adipocyte TNFa production via regulation of its DNA promoter methylation levels.

The factors regulating TNF alpha (TNFa) levels could be considered therapeutic targets against metabolic syndrome development. DNA methylation is a potent regulator of gene expression and may be associated with protein levels. In this study we investigate whether the effect of dietary fatty acids on TNFa released from adipocytes might be associated with modifications of the TNFa promoter DNA methylation status.

Changes in SCD gene DNA methylation after bariatric surgery in morbidly obese patients are associated with free fatty acids.

Stearoyl CoA Desaturase-1 (SCD) is considered as playing an important role in the explanation of obesity. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the DNA methylation SCD gene promoter is associated with the metabolic improvement in morbidly obese patients after bariatric surgery. The study included 120 subjects with morbid obesity who underwent a laparoscopic Roux-en Y gastric by-pass (RYGB) and a control group of 30 obese subjects with a similar body mass index (BMI) to that found in morbidly obese subjects six months after RYGB.

Jejunal gluconeogenesis associated with insulin resistance level and its evolution after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.

Background: Intestinal gluconeogenesis (GNG) may play an important role in glucose homeostasis, but there is little information about the condition in humans.

Objectives: To study the relationship between intestinal GNG and insulin resistance, its association with the evolution of morbidly obese patients after bariatric surgery, and the effect of insulin and or leptin.

Setting: Regional university hospital, Malaga (Spain).

GLP-1 and estrogen conjugate acts in the supramammillary nucleus to reduce food-reward and body weight.

The obesity epidemic continues unabated and currently available pharmacological treatments are not sufficiently effective. Combining gut/brain peptide, GLP-1, with estrogen into a conjugate may represent a novel, safe and potent, strategy to treat diabesity. Here we demonstrate that the central administration of GLP-1-estrogen conjugate reduced food reward, food intake, and body weight in rats.

The pro-/anti-inflammatory effects of different fatty acids on visceral adipocytes are partially mediated by GPR120.

Purpose: This study examines whether G-protein coupled receptor 120 (GPR120) is involved in the pro-/anti-inflammatory effects of different types of fatty acids (FAs) in human visceral adipocytes, and whether these effects may be altered in obesity, a state with a chronic inflammation.

Methods: Pro-/anti-inflammatory effects of palmitic, oleic, linoleic and docosahexaenoic acids on human visceral adipocytes were tested in mature adipocytes from non-obese and morbidly obese (MO) subjects. Also, the effects of these FAs were tested when the GPR120 gene was silenced.

Effect of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass-induced weight loss on the transcriptomic profiling of subcutaneous adipose tissue.

Background: The changes in the transcriptomic profiling of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) when weight loss stabilizes after a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) are still largely unknown.

Objectives: To investigate the changes produced in SAT gene expression of morbidly obese women when their weight loss stabilizes 2 years after RYGB.

Setting: University hospital.

The expression of genes involved in jejunal lipogenesis and lipoprotein synthesis is altered in morbidly obese subjects with insulin resistance.

The dyslipidemia associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an important risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. However, until now little attention has been paid to the role that the intestine might have. The aim of this research was to determine the relation between insulin resistance and intestinal de novo lipogenesis/lipoprotein synthesis in morbidly obese subjects and to study the effect of insulin on these processes.

C-peptide modifies leptin and visfatin secretion in human adipose tissue.

Objective: The effects of C-peptide on adipose tissue, an organ involved in the development of obesity and insulin resistance, are not yet well known. The aim of this study was to determine whether C-peptide could be involved in the regulation of the adipocytokine synthesis in human visceral adipose tissue.

Methods: The association between C-peptide and different serum adipocytokines, with an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT), and in an in vitro study in subjects without obesity and in subjects with morbid obesity were analyzed.

FNDC5 could be regulated by leptin in adipose tissue.

Introduction: Irisin activates the thermogenic function in adipose tissues. However, little is known on the association between human irisin and different cardiometabolic risk factors. We analyse the influence of morbid obesity on irisin levels and its relation with leptin and different cardiovascular risk factors.

Effects of obesity/fatty acids on the expression of GPR120.

Scope: The effects that fatty acids (FAs) exert on G protein-coupled receptor-120 (GPR120) levels, a receptor for FAs, are still unknown. We analyzed the association between GPR120 and obesity, and the FA effects on its expression.

Methods And Results: GPR120 levels were analyzed in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) from nonobese and morbidly obese subject.