A hybrid model of source monitoring in paired-associates learning.

Three source-monitoring models were tested using the data of Bellezza, Elek, and Zhang (2016), who presented word pairs with each word in 1 of 4 locations. Given 1 word as a cue, participants had to remember the other word as well as the 2 corresponding locations. Results included (a) locations of the cue and target words were identified equally well; (b) source identification of unrecalled words was above chance; (c) the correct identification of the cue word was positively correlated with that of the target word; and (d) the location of the cue word was frequently confused with the location of the target.

The deliberation-without-attention effect: evidence for an artifactual interpretation.

Proponents of unconscious-thought theory assert that letting the unconscious "mull it over" can enhance decisions. In a series of recent studies, researchers demonstrated that participants whose attention was focused on solving a complex problem (i.e.

Evaluation of six multinomial models of conscious and unconscious processes with the recall-recognition paradigm.

Six multinomial processing-tree models (W. H. Batchelder & D.

Is Self-Esteem a Central Ingredient of the Self-Concept?

At each of two sessions a week apart, 101 college subjects produced open-ended lists of items in nine categories of self-knowledge and also completed scales that provided measures of self-esteem, private self-consciousness, public self-consciousness, and social anxiety. Analyses showed that subjects' productions of self-knowledge were invested with self-evaluation in two ways: (a) Positiveness of self-evaluation (self-esteem) was significantly correlated with numbers of affectively positive items produced (such as liked activities, good qualities, and names of friends), and (b) concern about evaluation of self by others (social anxiety) was associated significantly with both production of relatively few items of self-knowledge and repeated production of the same items on the two testing occasions. These findings suggest that self-esteem is a pervasive component of measured self-concept, even for measures that lack manifest esteem-related content.