Detecting and Mitigating the Clever Hans Effect in Medical Imaging: A Scoping Review.

The Clever Hans effect occurs when machine learning models rely on spurious correlations instead of clinically relevant features and poses significant challenges to the development of reliable artificial intelligence (AI) systems in medical imaging. This scoping review provides an overview of methods for identifying and addressing the Clever Hans effect in medical imaging AI algorithms. A total of 173 papers published between 2010 and 2024 were reviewed, and 37 articles were selected for detailed analysis, with classification into two categories: detection and mitigation approaches.

Artificial intelligence in cardiac surgery: A systematic review.

Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a tool to potentially increase the efficiency and efficacy of cardiovascular care and improve clinical outcomes. This study aims to provide an overview of applications of AI in cardiac surgery.

Methods: A systematic literature search on AI applications in cardiac surgery from inception to February 2024 was conducted.