Monitoring Over Time of Pathological Complete Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer Patients Through an Ensemble Vision Transformers-Based Model.

Background: Morphological and vascular characteristics of breast cancer can change during neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI)-acquired pre- and mid-treatment quantitatively capture information about tumor heterogeneity as potential earlier indicators of pathological complete response (pCR) to NAC in breast cancer.

Aims: This study aimed to develop an ensemble deep learning-based model, exploiting a Vision Transformer (ViT) architecture, which merges features automatically extracted from five segmented slices of both pre- and mid-treatment exams containing the maximum tumor area, to predict and monitor pCR to NAC.

Corrigendum: The molecular tumor board as a step in cancer patient management: a southern Italian experience.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.

The molecular tumor board as a step in cancer patient management: a southern Italian experience.

Introduction: The management of cancer patients follows a Diagnostic Therapeutic and Care Pathway (PDTA) approach, aimed at achieving the optimal balance between care and quality of life. To support this process, precision medicine and innovative technologies [e.g.

Epstein-Barr Virus DNA Is Associated With Conjunctival Squamous Cell Carcinomas: A Case-Control Study From Zimbabwe.

Incidence of conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) in Zimbabwe is >30-fold higher than the global average. cSCC risk is notably higher among people with human immunodeficiency virus, implicating impaired immune response and a yet unknown infectious etiology. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded blocks from Zimbabwe, comprising conjunctival precancer (n = 78), invasive cSCC cases (n = 148) and nonmalignant eye lesions (n = 119), were tested for multiple DNA viruses using Luminex bead-based technology.

Native Aortic Valve Resection Using a Novel Blade-Based Device.

Objective: The aim of this study was to validate the use of a new resection device in patient candidates for surgical aortic valve replacement. We evaluated the efficacy of this new circular blade to resect the aortic valve and the efficacy to collect the debris during the resection.

Methods: For this study, a single size instrument was used, with an external diameter of 22 mm, and patients were selected on the basis of the preoperative assessment of the aortic diameters.

Value of multidetector computed tomography angiography in severe non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a retrospective study in a referral bleeding unit.

Background: Non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding is a common gastroenterological emergency associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is currently recommended as the gold standard modality for both diagnosis and treatment. As historically played a limited role in the diagnosis of acute non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding, multidetector-row computed tomography angiography is emerging as a promising tool in the diagnosis of non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding, especially for severe cases.

Evaluation of human papillomavirus DNA in colorectal cancer and adjacent mucosal tissue samples.

Background: Although the role of viral agents, such as human papillomavirus (e.g. HPV16, HPV18) in colorectal cancer (CRC) has been previously investigated, results remain inconclusive.

Discovering anomalies in big data: a review focused on the application of metaheuristics and machine learning techniques.

With the increase in available data from computer systems and their security threats, interest in anomaly detection has increased as well in recent years. The need to diagnose faults and cyberattacks has also focused scientific research on the automated classification of outliers in big data, as manual labeling is difficult in practice due to their huge volumes. The results obtained from data analysis can be used to generate alarms that anticipate anomalies and thus prevent system failures and attacks.

A Machine Learning Approach to Simulate Gene Expression and Infer Gene Regulatory Networks.

The ability to simulate gene expression and infer gene regulatory networks has vast potential applications in various fields, including medicine, agriculture, and environmental science. In recent years, machine learning approaches to simulate gene expression and infer gene regulatory networks have gained significant attention as a promising area of research. By simulating gene expression, we can gain insights into the complex mechanisms that control gene expression and how they are affected by various environmental factors.

Impact of the systematic introduction of tomosynthesis on breast biopsies: 10 years of results.

Digital Breast Tomosynthesis (DBT) is a cutting-edge technology introduced in recent years as an in-depth analysis of breast cancer diagnostics. Compared with 2D Full-Field Digital Mammography, DBT has demonstrated greater sensitivity and specificity in detecting breast tumors. This work aims to quantitatively evaluate the impact of the systematic introduction of DBT in terms of Biopsy Rate and Positive Predictive Values for the number of biopsies performed (PPV-3).

Tumor Cellularity Assessment of Breast Histopathological Slides via Instance Segmentation and Pathomic Features Explainability.

The segmentation and classification of cell nuclei are pivotal steps in the pipelines for the analysis of bioimages. Deep learning (DL) approaches are leading the digital pathology field in the context of nuclei detection and classification. Nevertheless, the features that are exploited by DL models to make their predictions are difficult to interpret, hindering the deployment of such methods in clinical practice.

The role of unpaired image-to-image translation for stain color normalization in colorectal cancer histology classification.

Background: Histological assessment of colorectal cancer (CRC) tissue is a crucial and demanding task for pathologists. Unfortunately, manual annotation by trained specialists is a burdensome operation, which suffers from problems like intra- and inter-pathologist variability. Computational models are revolutionizing the Digital Pathology field, offering reliable and fast approaches for challenges like tissue segmentation and classification.

Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection for Subepithelial Tumor Treatment in the Upper Digestive Tract: A Western, Multicenter Study.

Background/aims: Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) has been proposed for removal of gastrointestinal subepithelial tumors (GI-SETs), but data are still scanty. This study aimed to report a case series from a western country.

Patients And Methods: Data of patients with upper GI-SETs suitable for ESD removal observed in 4 centers were retrospectively reviewed.

Over-the-scope Technique for Partially Covered Self-expandable Metal Stent Placement to Treat Duodenal Perforation during EUS.

Background And Aims: Although endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is generally safe, duodenal perforation may occur during the procedure. When the iatrogenic break is wide, endoscopic positioning of a covered self- expandable metal stent is indicated to avoid a more invasive surgical approach. We evaluated the efficacy of the 'over-the-scope stenting' (OTSS) technique to treat iatrogenic duodenal perforations occurred during EUS.

Newly designed OTS Clip for preventing fully-covered self-expandable metal stent migration in the gastrointestinal tract.

Fully-covered self-expandable metal stents (FCSEMS) are frequently used for endoscopic management of gastrointestinal lesions. However, stent migration occurs in up to one-third of patients. Different tools are used to anchor stents to prevent migration.

The eye is a common site of granulomatosis with polyangiitis. A collaborative study.

Background: Ocular manifestations of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) have been reported in a limited number of studies and with largely variable frequency. Here we report on the clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic features of a cohort of 63 GPA patients, with particular regard to 22 of them with ophthalmic involvement (35%).

Methods: Clinical manifestations, results of immunological findings, histopathological pictures, imaging data, Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score, therapeutic regimens, and outcomes were retrospectively analyzed.

Endoscopic ultrasonography-guided biliary drainage for malignant jaundice by using electrocautery-enhanced lumen-apposing metal stents (Hot-SPAXUS stent).

Background: Biliary drainage with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for tumoral jaundice fails in a certain percentage of patients. In these patients, endoscopic ultrasonography-guided lumen-apposing metal stents (LAMS) with electrocautery-enhanced (ECE) technology allows a single-step, radiation-free palliative treatment.

Methods: We reviewed the data of patients who underwent choledochoduodenostomy with placement of ECE-LAMS (Hot-SPAXUS stent) after ERCP failure in a single tertiary center.

Endoscopy management of sleeve gastrectomy stenosis: what we learned from 202 consecutive patients.

Background: Gastric sleeve stenosis (GSS) is described in 1%-4% of patients.

Objective: To evaluate the role of endoscopy in the management of stenosis after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy using a standardized approach according to the characteristic of stenosis.

Setting: Retrospective, observational, single-center study on patients referred from several bariatric surgery departments to an endoscopic referral center.

Massive bleeding from gastric submucosal arterial collaterals secondary to splenic artery thrombosis: A case report.

Background: Gastric submucosal arterial collaterals (GSAC) secondary to splenic artery occlusion is an extraordinary rare and potentially life-threatening cause of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Here, we report a case of massive bleeding from GSAC successfully treated by means of a multidisciplinary minimally invasive approach.

Case Summary: A 60-year-old non-cirrhotic gentleman with a history of arterial hypertension was admitted due to hematemesis.

Alteration of Na/H exchange regulatory factor-1 protein levels in anogenital lesions positive for mucosal high-risk human papillomavirus type 16.

Mucosal high-risk (HR) human papillomaviruses (HPV) are associated with anogenital carcinogenesis. The products of two early genes, E6 and E7, act as major viral oncoproteins. Functional studies in experimental models showed that HPV16 E6 induces degradation of the PDZ protein, the Na+/H+ exchanger regulatory factor-1 (NHERF-1).

NDG-CAM: Nuclei Detection in Histopathology Images with Semantic Segmentation Networks and Grad-CAM.

Nuclei identification is a fundamental task in many areas of biomedical image analysis related to computational pathology applications. Nowadays, deep learning is the primary approach by which to segment the nuclei, but accuracy is closely linked to the amount of histological ground truth data for training. In addition, it is known that most of the hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained microscopy nuclei images contain complex and irregular visual characteristics.

Downstream Signaling of Inflammasome Pathway Affects Patients' Outcome in the Context of Distinct Molecular Breast Cancer Subtypes.

Inflammasomes are protein complexes involved in the regulation of different biological conditions. Over the past few years, the role of NLRP3 in different tumor types has gained interest. In breast cancer (BC), NLRP3 has been associated with multiple processes including epithelia mesenchymal transition, invasion and metastization.

Exposed endoscopic full-thickness resection for duodenal submucosal tumors: Current status and future perspectives.

Exposed endoscopic full-thickness resection (EFTR), with or without laparoscopic assistance, is an emergent natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery technique with promising safety and efficacy for the management of gastrointestinal submucosal tumors (SMTs) arising from the muscularis propria (MP), especially of the gastric wall. To date, evidence concerning duodenal exposed EFTR is lacking, mainly due to both the technical difficulty involved because of the special duodenal anatomy and concerns about safety and effectiveness of transmural wall defect closure. However, given the non-negligible morbidity and mortality associated with duodenal surgery, the recent availability of dedicated endoscopic tools for tissue-approximation capable to realize full-thickness defect closure could help in promoting the adoption of this endosurgical technique among referral centers.