Teodorico Borgognoni's Formulary for Thirteenth Century Anesthetic Preparations.

Teodorico Borgognoni was born in Lucca in 1205 and was appointed bishop of Bitonto and Cervia in 1262 and 1270. Following his father, he learned the art of surgery and collected relevant recipes in his most important work, entitled . Among the disciplines reported in this work, the most interesting and innovative is anesthesia.

Holographic molecular binding assays.

We demonstrate that holographic particle characterization can directly detect binding of proteins to functionalized colloidal probe particles by monitoring the associated change in the particles' size. This label-free molecular binding assay uses in-line holographic video microscopy to measure the diameter and refractive index of individual probe spheres as they flow down a microfluidic channel. Pooling measurements on 10 particles yields the population-average diameter with an uncertainty smaller than 0.