Polyvictimization and academic performance among college students: Examining differences across sexual and gender identity.

The current study examines the relationship between polyvictimization and academic performance in college across gender and sexual identity. Participants were from the Spring 2019 administration of the American College Health Association's National College Health Assessment-II. Multinomial logistic regression models and negative binomial regression models with and without interaction terms were used to explore if gender and sexual identity are related to academic performance, and if they are differentially related to academic performance when experiencing polyvictimization.

An Evolutionary Perspective on Dog Behavioral Genetics.

Dogs have played an outsized role in the field of behavioral genetics since its earliest days. Their unique evolutionary history and ubiquity in the modern world make them a potentially powerful model system for discovering how genetic changes lead to changes in behavior. Genomic technology has supercharged this potential by enabling scientists to sequence the DNA of thousands of dogs and test for correlations with behavioral traits.

Physical activity intensity and older adolescents' stress: The 'STress-Reactivity after Exercise in Senior Secondary EDucation' (STRESSED) 3-arm randomised controlled trial.

Objectives: Late adolescence (15-19 years) is a period of heightened susceptibility to stress, but regular physical activity may attenuate reactivity to stressors. We aimed to explore the effects of physical activity intensity on older adolescents' stress-reactivity and self-reported mental health.

Design And Methods: Three-arm randomised controlled trial in New South Wales, Australia (April-June 2021).

Impact of preanalytical factors on liquid biopsy in the canine cancer model.

While liquid biopsy has potential to transform cancer diagnostics through minimally-invasive detection and monitoring of tumors, the impact of preanalytical factors such as the timing and anatomical location of blood draw is not well understood. To address this gap, we leveraged pet dogs with spontaneous cancer as a model system, as their compressed disease timeline facilitates rapid diagnostic benchmarking. Key liquid biopsy metrics from dogs were consistent with existing reports from human patients.

The reciprocal relationships between moral disengagement and antisocial behavior from ages 16 to 23.

Moral disengagement (MD) has been consistently associated with antisocial behavior (ASB) in prior research. Limited research tested the directionality of the bivariate relationship, and most studies focused only on the direction of MD predicting ASB, even though ASB could also influence MD based on the literature on attribution and behavioral influence on attitude. Moreover, the few studies testing reciprocal associations rarely controlled for stable individual differences and did not explicitly examine the age effect to allow for a clear developmental inference.

Associations of state and chronic loneliness with interpretation bias: The role of internalizing symptoms.

Loneliness is common and, while generally transient, persists in up to 22% of the population. The rising prevalence and adverse impacts of chronic loneliness highlight the need to understand its underlying mechanisms. Evolutionary models of loneliness suggest that chronically lonely individuals demonstrate negative interpretation biases towards social information.

Callous-unemotional traits and pre-ejection period in response to reward.

Callous-unemotional (CU) traits have important utility in distinguishing individuals exhibiting more severe and persistent antisocial behavior, and our understanding of reward processing and CU traits contributes to behavioral modification. However, research on CU traits often investigated reward alongside punishment and examined solely on average reward reactivity, neglecting the reward response pattern over time such as habituation. This study assessed individuals' pre-ejection period (PEP), a sympathetic nervous system cardiac-linked biomarker with specificity to reward, during a simple reward task to investigate the association between CU traits and both average reward reactivity and reward response pattern over time (captured as responding trajectory).

Are autistic traits associated with a social-emotional memory bias?

Autistic traits are associated with differential processing of emotional and social cues. By contrast little is known about the relationship of autistic traits to socio-emotional memory, though research suggests an integral relationship between episodic memory processes and psychosocial well-being. Using an experimental paradigm, we tested if autistic traits moderate the effects of negative emotion and social cues on episodic memory (i.

Unique and interactive effects of threat and deprivation on latent trait cortisol among emerging adults.

Though considerable work supports the Dimensional Model of Adversity and Psychopathology, prior research has not tested whether the dimensions-threat (e.g., abuse) and deprivation (e.

PEP reward reactivity moderates the effects of RSA reactivity on antisocial behavior and substance use.

Integrating Polyvagal Theory and Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST), we examined pre-ejection period (PEP) reward reactivity, which was suggested to index trait impulsivity, as a moderator between respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) reactivity and antisocial behavior (ASB), and substance use in an urban male, adult sample. To understand the inconsistent findings between RSA reactivity and externalizing problems, we proposed to study both negatively and positively valenced tasks for RSA reactivity and to include PEP reward reactivity as a moderator for the RSA-behavior link. Data were collected from an urban sample of 131 male adults (active offenders, demographic controls, and college students).

i-Frame interventions enhance s-frame interventions.

We argue that i-frame interventions can and do increase support for systemic reforms, and s-frame interventions should be pursued in parallel to address key societal issues. Without accompanying i-frame interventions, s-frame interventions can fail. We offer an operant conditioning framework to generate positive spillover effects.

Are loneliness and social isolation equal threats to health and well-being? An outcome-wide longitudinal approach.

The detrimental effects of loneliness and social isolation on health and well-being outcomes are well documented. In response, governments, corporations, and community-based organizations have begun leveraging tools to create interventions and policies aimed at reducing loneliness and social isolation at scale. However, these efforts are frequently hampered by a key knowledge gap: when attempting to improve specific health and well-being outcomes, decision-makers are often unsure whether to target loneliness, social isolation, or both.

Parentification Vulnerability, Reactivity, Resilience, and Thriving: A Mixed Methods Systematic Literature Review.

Parentification occurs when youth are forced to assume developmentally inappropriate parent- or adult-like roles and responsibilities. This review thoroughly examines current empirical research on parentification, its outcomes, and related mechanisms to outline patterns of findings and significant literature gaps. This review is timely in the large context of the COVID-19 pandemic, when pandemic-induced responsibilities and demands on youth, and the shifting family role may exacerbate parentification and its consequences.

Assessment and Management of Declining Physical Function in Aging Dogs.

Aging is the leading cause of disability, disease, and death in adult dogs. One major consequence of aging is diminishing physical function. For normal functioning, basic elements such as strength, balance, and energy must be present.

Individual differences in latent trait cortisol (LTC): Implications for the onset and course of future depressive symptoms.

Research suggests that various indicators of hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis activity prospectively predict depression, but few studies have evaluated whether trait indicators of HPA axis activity are related to depression. Further, no prior study has examined links between trait cortisol and psychopathology using a trait indicator that captures HPA axis activity over multiple time points. Here we examined whether we could construct an across-wave latent trait cortisol (LTC) factor using cortisol samples collected over 13 weeks, and whether the across-wave LTC prospectively predicted new depressive symptom onsets and symptom duration.

Computer passwords as a timely booster for writing-based psychological interventions.

Writing-based psychological interventions have been widely implemented to produce adaptive change, e.g., through self-affirmation (reminding people of their most important values).

Identifying pathways to increased volunteering in older US adults.

While growing evidence documents strong associations between volunteering and improved health and well-being outcomes, less is known about the health and well-being factors that lead to increased volunteering. Using data from 13,771 participants in the Health and Retirement Study (HRS)-a diverse, longitudinal, and national sample of older adults in the United States-we evaluated a large range of candidate predictors of volunteering. Specifically, using generalized linear regression models with a lagged exposure-wide approach, we evaluated if changes in 61 predictors spanning physical health, health behaviors, and psychosocial well-being (over a 4-year follow-up between t; 2006/2008 and t; 2010/2012) were associated with volunteer activity four years later (t; 2014/2016).

Stress Coping Strategies as Mediators: Toward a Better Understanding of Sexual, Substance, and Delinquent Behavior-Related Risk-Taking among Transition-Aged Youth.

Transitional aged youth (18-24) report increasing and peaking risk-taking (sexual, substance, and delinquent behavior). Stressful life events (SLE) are associated with these risk-taking behaviors. Little is known regarding what mediates these relationships.

The association between cortisol-AA coordination in response to stress, negative urgency, and antisocial behavior in an urban adult sample.

Prior study has found that the interplay of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the autonomic nervous system (ANS) influences behavior problems in youth. Yet, little is known regarding this relationship in adults and traits related to the coordination of the stress systems. This study aims to extend the findings of a youth sample that the coordination between HPA and ANS, measured as cortisol and alpha-amylase (AA) respectively, was associated with antisocial behavior in adults.

Canine Geriatric Syndrome: A Framework for Advancing Research in Veterinary Geroscience.

Biological aging is the single most important risk factor for disease, disability, and ultimately death in geriatric dogs. The effects of aging in companion dogs also impose significant financial and psychological burdens on their human caregivers. The underlying physiologic processes of canine aging may be occult, or early signs of aging may be ignored because of the misconception that biological aging is natural and therefore inevitable.

The phenotype of aging in the dog: how aging impacts the health and well-being of dogs and their caregivers.

Aging is the single most important cause of disease, disability, and death in adult dogs. Contrary to the common view of aging as a mysterious and inevitable natural event, it is more usefully understood as a set of complex but comprehensible biological processes that are highly conserved across species. Although the phenotypic expression of these processes is variable, there are consistent patterns both within and between species.

The Cognitive, Affective and Somatic Empathy Scales for Adults.

The Cognitive, Affective and Somatic Empathy Scales (CASES) assess three forms of empathy, each with subscales for positive and negative empathy. The present study extends this child instrument to adults and examines its factor structure and construct validity. A secondary aim is to investigate the under-researched area of positive empathy.

Assessing the role of adolescent hormonal contraceptive use on risk for depression: a 3-year longitudinal study protocol.

Background: The incidence of depression in human females rises steadily throughout adolescence, a critical period of pubertal maturation marked by increasing levels of gonadal hormones including estrogens and progesterone. These gonadal hormones play a central role in social and emotional development and may also contribute to the increased occurrence of depression in females that begins in early adolescence. In this study, we examine whether and how introducing synthetic estrogen and progestin derivatives through the use of combined hormonal contraceptives (CHC), affects adolescent females' risk for developing depression.