Sleep-Wake Disturbances and Fatigue after Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review of the Literature.

Sleep-wake disturbances (SWD) after traumatic brain injury (TBI) are frequently reported and can persist several years post-injury. The adult literature covering this topic is exhaustive; numerous robust studies using objective measures of sleep and advanced methodologies support the presence of SWD post-TBI. Despite being the leading cause of morbidity in children and adolescents, however, relatively few studies exist investigating SWD and symptoms of fatigue after pediatric TBI.

Slowing down presentation of facial movements and vocal sounds enhances facial expression recognition and induces facial-vocal imitation in children with autism.

This study examined the effects of slowing down presentation of facial expressions and their corresponding vocal sounds on facial expression recognition and facial and/or vocal imitation in children with autism. Twelve autistic children and twenty-four normal control children were presented with emotional and non-emotional facial expressions on CD-Rom, under audio or silent conditions, and under dynamic visual conditions (slowly, very slowly, at normal speed) plus a static control. Overall, children with autism showed lower performance in expression recognition and more induced facial-vocal imitation than controls.