Publications by authors named "Foulds J"

Background: Electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) contain fewer hazardous ingredients than traditional cigarettes, yet they still pose health hazards. This study evaluates experienced e-cig users' quitting interest and Quitline utilization.

Methods: In a 2012 (Wave 1) baseline survey, 1875 (28.

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  • The rising global impact of substance use, including various drugs, is a significant concern, particularly in Australia and New Zealand, where these substances are among the top causes of disease burden.
  • The Monitoring Illicit Substance Use (MISUse) Consortium was created to study these substances more effectively by combining data from four established cohort studies across the two countries, which will allow for larger and more comprehensive research.
  • The goal of the MISUse Consortium is to better understand the patterns and long-term effects of illicit substance use, with an emphasis on finding modifiable factors that can inform public health policies and interventions.
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Importance: The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) higher-risk criteria for brief resolved unexplained events (BRUE) have a low positive predictive value (4.8%) and misclassify most infants as higher risk (>90%). New BRUE prediction rules from a US cohort of 3283 infants showed improved discrimination; however, these rules have not been validated in an external cohort.

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The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has spread in the US with more than 100 million human infections and a million deaths since March 2020. A population of concern are high-risk individuals such as adults who are tobacco users, since COVID-19 is a respiratory disease that affects the lungs. Although 79% of the US population ≥ 18 years of age have completed the primary COVID-19 vaccine series; it is imperative to understand the factors associated with receiving or declining the COVID-19 vaccine among high-risk populations to improve vaccination rates.

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Objective: We identified factors associated with computed tomographic (CT) imaging within 24 hours of emergency department (ED) presentation in hospitalized children with severe orbital infections.

Patients And Methods: A multicenter retrospective cohort study was conducted that included children aged 2 months to 18 years between 2009 and 2018 who were admitted to the hospital with severe orbital infections, including periorbital and orbital cellulitis. Multivariable modified Poisson regression was used to identify possible factors associated with receiving a CT scan within 24 hours of ED presentation.

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Background: There is limited evidence on how the United States Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) proposed ban on menthol cigarettes and flavored cigars will impact individuals with mood disorders who smoke menthol cigarettes. This study aimed to evaluate how individuals with mood disorders who smoke menthol cigarettes might respond to a hypothetical ban on menthol cigarettes, explore the reasons for their current use, and examine how these reasons are associated with participants' characteristics.

Methods: Study data were collected at baseline from adults (18+ years) with mood disorders who participated in a randomized controlled trial evaluating the impact of gradual nicotine reduction.

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  • Delay discounting is the tendency to prefer smaller, immediate rewards over larger, delayed ones, and it's linked to behaviors like tobacco use.
  • This study examined delay discounting among different groups (dual users, exclusive e-cigarette users, exclusive combustible cigarette users, and nonusers) using four different tasks to see how they compare.
  • Results showed that e-cigarette users discount future rewards more steeply than nonusers, suggesting that delay discounting could help explain why people might choose to use e-cigarettes.
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Background: New Zealand defendants found unfit to stand trial following a Court-ordered forensic mental health assessment cannot be detained in prison and must either be released, or made subject to a mental health or intellectual disability order. There is increasing awareness of the need to identify these people and protect their rights.

Methods: Retrospective audit of 8 years of Court-ordered health assessor reports addressing fitness to stand trial prepared by a New Zealand regional forensic mental health service with a catchment area of around 850,000.

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Objective: To describe the demographics and clinical outcomes of infants with brief resolved unexplained events (BRUE).

Design: A retrospective cohort study.

Setting: 11 centres within the Canadian Paediatric Inpatient Research Network.

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  • The study investigates the impact of switching from high nicotine cigarettes to very low nicotine content (VLNC) cigarettes among Black and White smokers with lower socioeconomic status and mental health issues.
  • Data from two clinical trials showed that both groups experienced significant reductions in nicotine levels and toxic exposure when using VLNC cigarettes compared to usual nicotine content (UNC) cigarettes.
  • The results indicate that reduced nicotine regulation could lead to a notable decrease in nicotine and harmful substances for smokers, regardless of race, although differences in cotinine levels were noted between the groups.
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Background: Mitigating attrition is a key component to reduce selection bias in longitudinal randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Few studies of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) allow for the examination of long-term retention. This analysis explores the relationship between attrition, baseline measures, and condition assigned for a RCT involving ENDS differing in nicotine delivery over a 24-week intervention period.

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Implementation of the Tobacco Control Act in 2009 banned characterizing flavors in cigarettes (except menthol and tobacco), but substitution has occurred by the continued availability of alternative flavored products (i.e., flavored little cigars).

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Aims: Emergency departments (EDs) around the world are increasingly overcrowded, which is associated with significant patient harm. Alcohol use is a known contributor to ED overcrowding. This study aimed to assess trends in the characteristics of alcohol-related ED presentations over time.

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  • The study aimed to explore how different initial antibiotic treatments affect the outcomes of hospitalized children with severe orbital infections.
  • It analyzed data from 2009 to 2018 from 10 Canadian hospitals, focusing on patients aged 2 months to 18 years who were hospitalized for more than 24 hours.
  • Findings revealed that while broad-spectrum antibiotics led to longer hospital stays, they did not impact the likelihood of requiring surgical intervention, indicating a need for more effective antibiotic treatment studies.
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  • The study investigates how acceptable electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) are for smokers looking to reduce their cigarette consumption, focusing on different nicotine concentrations and flavors.
  • It involved 520 participants who were randomly assigned to control or ENDS groups with varying nicotine levels (0 mg/mL, 8 mg/mL, 36 mg/mL) and flavors (tobacco or menthol), measuring changes in cigarette use and satisfaction over time.
  • Results indicated that higher nicotine concentrations led to greater reductions in cigarette smoking, with menthol flavor causing fewer side effects and lower aversion, highlighting the importance of both nicotine levels and flavor preferences in ENDS acceptance.
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  • The study investigates how familial factors might affect the link between mental disorders and perceived discrimination, particularly focusing on sex differences.
  • Analyzing data from 2044 twin pairs, it was found that while mental disorders and discrimination are related, much of this link is actually due to shared family influences rather than individual differences.
  • The results indicate that familial confounding is more significant in males compared to females, highlighting the need to consider family background in mental health research relating to discrimination.
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What Was The Educational Challenge?: Medical students experience high rates of anxiety; frequent examinations are one contributing source. Students may perceive the observed structured clinical examinations (OSCEs) as particularly stressful. Strategies to reduce anxiety during OSCEs have not been described.

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Introduction: Bronchiolitis is the most common viral lower respiratory tract infection in children under 2 years of age. Respiratory support with high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) is increasingly used in this patient population with limited understanding of the patients most likely to benefit and considerable practice variability of use. This study aims to understand the factors associated with failure of HFNC support among patients with bronchiolitis and to describe the current practice variations of HFNC use in patients with bronchiolitis in Canadian hospitals including fluid management and parameters to initiate, escalate and discontinue HFNC support.

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Background: The COVID-19 vaccine was initially offered to frontline health care workers (HCWs), due to the high risk of contracting COVID-19 through occupational exposure to patients. Low HCW vaccine uptake can impact overall community-level vaccine uptake. This study used the Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) Theory to understand factors related to COVID-19 vaccine uptake in HCWs.

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  • This study examines how using both cannabis and nicotine vapes affects mental health symptoms (MHS) compared to using just one of the substances.
  • Researchers surveyed 492 adults about their vaping habits and related mental health, finding that dual users had worse MHS.
  • Results show that younger age and marital status influenced depression and stress levels in dual users, while having a medical cannabis card was linked to increased anxiety.
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Background And Aims: Whether miracles are seen as a source of conflict between healthcare teams and families, a foolish or even harmful belief, or a hindrance to system-wide improvements and scientific inquiry, miracles within medicine have long been questioned. We were interested in the perspectives of pediatricians on miracles and how that has informed their care of patients. We also sought to explore the intersection and relationship between the medical sciences, faith, and how we view miracles.

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