Equine enteroid-derived monolayers recapitulate key features of parasitic intestinal nematode infection.

Stem cell-derived organoid cultures have emerged as attractive experimental models for infection biology research regarding various types of gastro-intestinal pathogens and host species. However, the large size of infectious nematode larvae and the closed structure of 3-dimensional organoids often hinder studies of the natural route of infection. To enable easy administration to the apical surface of the epithelium, organoids from the equine small intestine, i.

Arbuscular mycorrhiza convey significant plant carbon to a diverse hyphosphere microbial food web and mineral-associated organic matter.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) transport substantial plant carbon (C) that serves as a substrate for soil organisms, a precursor of soil organic matter (SOM), and a driver of soil microbial dynamics. Using two-chamber microcosms where an air gap isolated AMF from roots, we CO-labeled Avena barbata for 6 wk and measured the C Rhizophagus intraradices transferred to SOM and hyphosphere microorganisms. NanoSIMS imaging revealed hyphae and roots had similar C enrichment.

Insights into the Mechanism of Tryptophan Fluorescence Quenching due to Synthetic Crowding Agents: A Combined Experimental and Computational Study.

Intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence spectroscopy is an important tool for examining the effects of molecular crowding and confinement on the structure, dynamics, and function of proteins. Synthetic crowders such as dextran, ficoll, polyethylene glycols, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and their respective monomers are used to mimic crowded intracellular environments. Interactions of these synthetic crowders with tryptophan and the subsequent impact on its fluorescence properties are therefore critically important for understanding the possible interference created by these crowders.

Polyethylene Glycol 20k. Does It Fluoresce?

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a polyether compound commonly used in biological research and medicine because it is biologically inert. This simple polymer exists in variable chain lengths (and molecular weights). As they are devoid of any contiguous π-system, PEGs are expected to lack fluorescence properties.

Congenital tremor and splay leg in piglets - insights into the virome, local cytokine response, and histology.

Background: Atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) is a neurotropic virus associated with congenital tremor type A-II. A few experimental studies also indicate an association between APPV and splay leg. The overarching aim of the present study was to provide insights into the virome, local cytokine response, and histology of the CNS in piglets with signs of congenital tremor or splay leg.

Surviving Over a Decade With Glioblastoma: A Clinical Course Characterized by Multiple Recurrences, Numerous Salvage Treatments, and Novel Use of Cesium-131 Tiles.

The prognosis for patients diagnosed with recurrent glioblastoma (GBM) remains poor, with no clear standard of care regarding salvage therapy. Common approaches include chemotherapy, re-resection, tumor treating fields, and reirradiation. However, most studies have shown these to have limited benefits.

Pre-Existing Oxidative Stress Creates a Docking-Ready Conformation of the SARS-CoV-2 Receptor-Binding Domain.

The redox-dependent changes on the binding between the receptor-binding domain of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 spike protein and the peptidase domain of the human cell surface receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme II were investigated by performing molecular dynamics simulations. The reduced states of the protein partners were generated in silico by converting the disulfides to thiols. The role of redox transformation on the protein-protein binding affinity was assessed from the time-evolved structures after 200 ns simulations using electrostatic field calculations and implicit solvation.

Development of a 3-transcript host expression assay to differentiate between viral and bacterial infections in pigs.

Indiscriminate use of antibiotics to treat infections that are of viral origin contributes to unnecessary use which potentially may induce resistance in commensal bacteria. To counteract this a number of host gene transcriptional studies have been conducted to identify genes that are differently expressed during bacterial and viral infections in humans, and thus could be used as a tool to base decisions on the use of antibiotics. In this paper, we aimed to evaluate the potential of a selection of genes that have been considered biomarkers in humans, to differentially diagnose bacterial from viral infections in the pig.

Editing Domain Motions Preorganize the Synthetic Active Site of Prolyl-tRNA Synthetase.

Prolyl-tRNA synthetases (ProRSs) catalyze the covalent attachment of proline onto cognate tRNAs, an indispensable step for protein synthesis in all living organisms. ProRSs are modular enzymes and the "prokaryotic-like" ProRSs are distinguished from "eukaryotic-like" ProRSs by the presence of an editing domain (INS) inserted between motifs 2 and 3 of the main catalytic domain. Earlier studies suggested the presence of coupled-domain dynamics could contribute to catalysis; however, the role that the distal, highly mobile INS domain plays in catalysis at the synthetic active site is not completely understood.

Role of Ki-67, MRE11, and PD-L1 as Predictive Biomarkers for Recurrence Pattern in Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer.

Background/aim: Muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) is an aggressive disease with high rates of local recurrence following radical cystectomy (RC). Currently, there are no clinically validated biomarkers to predict local only recurrence (LOR) and guide adjuvant treatment decisions. This pilot study evaluated the role of Ki-67, MRE11 and PD-L1 as predictive biomarkers for recurrence patterns in patients undergoing RC for MIBC.

Racial disparities in the use of palliative radiotherapy for black patients with multiple myeloma in the United States.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by painful lesions that are amenable to palliative radiotherapy (PRT) but racial disparities may exist. In the current study, the National Cancer Database was queried for patients diagnosed with MM from 2004 to 2016 who received PRT. The percentages of patients receiving PRT within 12 months of diagnosis by race/ethnicity were: 15.

Expression of IL-23 in gilt endometrium and oviduct after insemination with seminal plasma, spermatozoa or semen extender.

Objective: Insemination with spermatozoa, seminal plasma and extender, cause a rapid inflammatory response in pig endometrium, characterized by an influx of neutrophils into the uterus. The transient inflammatory response to semen involves cytokine induction. Potential functions for Interleukin-23 (IL-23) in the inflammatory response to different insemination treatments were examined by studying mRNA expression and immunostaining in gilt oviduct and endometrium 35-40 h after insemination.

Disparities in male versus female oncologic outcomes following bladder preservation: A population-based cohort study.

Introduction: In surgical series of muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), women have higher recurrence rates, disease progression, and mortality following radical cystectomy than men. Similar reports of oncologic differences between men and women following trimodality therapy (TMT) are rare. Our hypothesis was that there would be no difference in overall survival (OS) between sexes receiving TMT.

Role of Oxidative Stress on SARS-CoV (SARS) and SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Infection: A Review.

Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has resulted in a global pandemic and is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Several studies have suggested that a precise disulfide-thiol balance is crucial for viral entry and fusion into the host cell and that oxidative stress generated from free radicals can affect this balance. Here, we reviewed the current knowledge about the role of oxidative stress on SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infections.

Cytokine responses to various larval stages of equine strongyles and modulatory effects of the adjuvant G3 in vitro.

Aims: To generate different larval stages of Strongylus vulgaris and to study cytokine responses in cultures of eqPBMC exposed to defined larval stages of S. vulgaris and cyathostomins with the aim to understand the early immune reaction to these parasites.

Methods And Results: EqPBMC were exposed to S.

Assessment of Familiarity With Work-up Guidelines for Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcoma Among Primary Care Practitioners in Minnesota.

Objective: To assess familiarity with sarcoma guidelines among primary care practitioners (PCPs) in Minnesota.

Participants And Methods: Surveys were distributed at 2 educational conferences held in Minnesota on April 16-17, 2015, and October 24, 2015. The PCPs were asked a series of questions about their current practice, past experience with sarcoma, and familiarity with sarcoma guidelines.

The adjuvant G3 promotes a Th1 polarizing innate immune response in equine PBMC.

The immunomodulatory effect of a new particulate adjuvant, G3, alone or in combination with agonists to TLR2/1 or TLR5 was evaluated in cultures of equine PBMC. Exposure to the G3 adjuvant up-regulated genes encoding IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12p40 and IL-23p19 in the majority of the horses tested, indicating that the G3 adjuvant induced a pro-inflammatory and Th1 dominated profile. In accordance, genes encoding IL-13, IL-4, IL-10 and TGF-β remained unaffected and genes encoding IFN-α, IL-17A and TNF-α were only occasionally and weakly induced.

Characterisation of the Virome of Tonsils from Conventional Pigs and from Specific Pathogen-Free Pigs.

Porcine respiratory disease is a multifactorial disease that can be influenced by a number of different microorganisms, as well as by non-infectious factors such as the management and environment of the animals. It is generally believed that the interaction between different infectious agents plays an important role in regard to respiratory diseases. Therefore, we used high-throughput sequencing combined with viral metagenomics to characterise the viral community of tonsil samples from pigs coming from a conventional herd with lesions in the respiratory tract at slaughter.

A novel adjuvant G3 induces both Th1 and Th2 related immune responses in mice after immunization with a trivalent inactivated split-virion influenza vaccine.

A preferred adjuvant should promote both Th1 and Th2 responses. However, most adjuvants in common use are biased towards a Th2-driven response. Therefore, the ability of a novel saponin-based adjuvant G3 to inducing balanced Th1 and Th2 responses in BALB/c mice immunized with a split trivalent seasonal influenza vaccine was evaluated in comparison to that of the adjuvant Al(OH).

Detection and genetic characterisation of porcine circovirus 3 from pigs in Sweden.

Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) is a newly detected circovirus belonging to the family Circoviridae with a circular ssDNA genome of 2000 bp that encodes two proteins-the replicase protein and the capsid protein. PCV3 was discovered for the first time in the US in 2016. After this initial discovery, PCV3 was detected in other parts of the world such as in China, South Korea, Italy and Poland.

Biological Model for Predicting Toxicity in Head and Neck Cancer Patients Receiving Proton Therapy.

Purpose: To use a linear energy transfer (LET) dependent formula for relative biological effectiveness (RBE) to generate a biological model that can be used to predict toxicity in patients treated with proton therapy for cancer of the head and neck.

Patients And Methods: Patients treated with protons to a dose of 60 to 70 Gy (RBE = 1.1) for head and neck cancer were eligible to participate in this study.

The role of neoadjuvant radiotherapy for locally-advanced rectal cancer with resectable synchronous metastasis.

Background: Although neoadjuvant radiotherapy is typically administered for locally-advanced rectal cancer to reduce local recurrence (LR), its role for patients who present with synchronous resectable liver and/or lung metastasis is not well defined. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of neoadjuvant radiotherapy for patients with stage IV rectal cancer undergoing curative-intent surgery.

Methods: This study is a retrospective review of a prospectively maintained surgical registry of all consecutive adult patients who underwent curative-intent resection at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN, from January 1990 until December 2014 with a median follow-up time of 43 (IQR 16-67) months.

Changes in Cytokines, Sensory Tests, and Self-reported Pain Levels After Manual Treatment of Low Back Pain.

Study Design: Unbalanced 3-factor design with repeated measures on 1 factor.

Objective: To determine the effect of manual treatment (MT) on cytokine and pain sensations in those with and without low back pain (LBP).

Summary Of Background Data: Evidence suggests that MT reduces LBP but by unknown mechanisms.