[The future of radiology: What can we expect within the next 10 years?].

More than other medical discipline, radiology is marked by technical innovation and continuous development, as well as the optimization of the underlying physical principles. In this respect, several trends that will crucially change and develop radiology over the next decade can be observed. Through the use of ever faster computer tomography, which also shows an ever-decreasing radiation exposure, the "workhorse" of radiology will have an even greater place and displace conventional X‑ray techniques further.

From Pavlov to pain: How predictability affects the anticipation and processing of visceral pain in a fear conditioning paradigm.

Conditioned pain-related fear may contribute to hyperalgesia and central sensitization, but this has not been tested for interoceptive, visceral pain. The underlying ability to accurately predict pain is based on predictive cue properties and may alter the sensory processing and cognitive-emotional modulation of pain thus exacerbating the subjective pain experience. In this functional magnetic resonance imaging study using painful rectal distensions as unconditioned stimuli (US), we addressed changes in the neural processing of pain during the acquisition of pain-related fear and subsequently tested if conditioned stimuli (CS) contribute to hyperalgesia and increased neural responses in pain-encoding regions.

Associated Aneurysms in Infratentorial Arteriovenous Malformations: Role of Aneurysm Size and Comparison with Supratentorial Lesions.

Background: The natural history and treatment of brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) is the object of ongoing debates and discussions. To capture the entirety of these complex lesions, associated vascular pathologies, such as associated aneurysms (AAs), have to be implemented in future risk stratification models, as they are believed to represent additional risk factors for intracranial hemorrhage. The present study aims to determine AA characteristics in posterior fossa AVMs and to compare with AAs accompanying supratentorial AVMs, with special focus on aneurysm size.

Outcome After Clipping of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms Depends on Caseload.

Objective: Although most neurovascular centers currently have a coil first policy, the percentage of coiled versus clipped aneurysms, as well as treatment outcomes, varies strongly between these centers. This study evaluates the impact of an increase in clipping caseload on treatment outcome in a large single-center series.

Methods: All consecutive patients who underwent microsurgical clipping of unruptured intracranial aneurysms between January 2003 and April 2014 in our department were analyzed retrospectively.

Diagnostic impact of integrated 18F-FDG PET/MRI in cerebral staging of patients with non-small cell lung cancer.

Background Integrated positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI) systems are increasingly being available and used for staging examinations. Brain metastases (BM) are frequent in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and decisive for treatment strategy. Purpose To assess the diagnostic value of integrated 18F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D glucose (18F-FDG) PET/MRI in initial staging in patients with NSCLC for BM in comparison to MRI alone.

Potential influence of Gadolinium contrast on image segmentation in MR-based attenuation correction with Dixon sequences in whole-body 18F-FDG PET/MR.

Objective: To evaluate the influence of Gadolinium contrast agent on image segmentation in magnetic resonance (MR)-based attenuation correction (AC) with four-segment dual-echo time Dixon-sequences in whole-body [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET)/MR imaging, and to analyze the consecutive effect on standardized uptake value (SUV).

Materials And Methods: Hybrid imaging with an integrated PET/MR system was performed in 30 oncological patients. AC was based on MR imaging with a Dixon sequence with subsequent automated image segmentation.

Quantitative, Organ-Specific Interscanner and Intrascanner Variability for 3 T Whole-Body Magnetic Resonance Imaging in a Multicenter, Multivendor Study.

Introduction: Whole-body magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is increasingly implemented in population-based cohorts and clinical settings. However, to quantify the variability introduced by the different scanners is essential to make conclusions about clinical and biological data, and relevant for internal/external validity. Thus, we determined the interscanner and intrascanner variability of different 3 T MR scanners for whole-body imaging.

Microanatomy of the subcallosal artery: an in-vivo 7 T magnetic resonance angiography study.

Objectives: To investigate in-vivo microanatomy of the subcallosal artery branching from the anterior communicating artery (ACoA) using time-of-flight (TOF) magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) at 7 Tesla.

Methods: Seventy-five subjects, including 15 healthy volunteers and 60 patients, were included in this prospective study. Three raters characterized branches from ACoA in maximum intensity projections of TOF MRA at 7 Tesla acquired with 0.

Alterations in functional connectivity of resting state networks during experimental endotoxemia - An exploratory study in healthy men.

Systemic inflammation impairs mood and cognitive functions, and seems to be involved in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies revealed altered task-related blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) responses during experimental endotoxemia, but little is known about effects of systemic inflammation on resting-state activity of the brain. Thus, we conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled study in healthy men receiving an intravenous injection of either low-dose (0.

Giant Intracranial Aneurysms at 7T MRI.

Giant intracranial aneurysms are rare vascular pathologies associated with high morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this in vivo study was to assess giant intracranial aneurysms and their wall microstructure by 7T MR imaging, previously only visualized in histopathologic examinations. Seven giant intracranial aneurysms were evaluated, and 2 aneurysms were available for histopathologic examination.

Implementation of FAST-PET/MRI for whole-body staging of female patients with recurrent pelvic malignancies: A comparison to PET/CT.

Objectives: To compare the diagnostic competence of FAST-PET/MRI and PET/CT for whole-body staging of female patients suspect for a recurrence of a pelvic malignancy.

Methods: 24 female patients with a suspected tumor recurrence underwent a PET/CT and subsequent PET/MRI examination. For PET/MRI readings a whole-body FAST-protocol was implemented.

Locoregional tumour evaluation of squamous cell carcinoma in the head and neck area: a comparison between MRI, PET/CT and integrated PET/MRI.

Purpose: To evaluate the accuracy of integrated (18)F-FDG PET/MR imaging for locoregional tumour evaluation compared to (18)F-FDG PET/CT and MR imaging in initial tumour and recurrence diagnosis in histopathologically confirmed head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).

Methods: (18)F-FDG PET/CT and integrated (18)F-FDG PET/MR imaging were performed for initial tumour staging or recurrence diagnosis in 25 patients with HNSCC. MR, fused (18)F-FDG PET/CT and fused (18)F-FDG PET/MR images were analysed by two independent readers in separate sessions in random order.

Intraaortic Protection From Embolization in Patients Undergoing Transaortic Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation.

Purpose: Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) results in the dislodgement of debris with risk of cerebral lesions or stroke. The EMBOL-X protection device (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA) is positioned within the ascending aorta to capture such debris.

Description: Between July 2012 and April 2014 we randomly assigned 30 high-risk patients to undergo transaortic TAVI with the SAPIEN XT prosthesis (Edwards Lifesciences) combined with either the EMBOL-X device (group-1, n = 14) or without (group-2, n = 16).

Integrated PET/MRI for whole-body staging of patients with primary cervical cancer: preliminary results.

Purpose: To assess the diagnostic value of integrated PET/MRI for whole-body staging of cervical cancer patients, as well as to investigate a potential association between PET/MRI derived functional parameters and prognostic factors of cervical cancer.

Methods: The present study was approved by the local institutional review board. Twenty-seven patients with histopathologically confirmed cervical cancer were prospectively enrolled in our study.

Perspectives of Ultra-High-Field MRI in Neuroradiology.

Purpose: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is one of the most important methods for the diagnosis and therapy monitoring of various diseases. Today, magnets up to 3 T are standard. This review will give an overview of the clinical perspectives of ultra-high field MRI, meaning mainly 7 T.

Neural underpinnings of nocebo hyperalgesia in visceral pain: A fMRI study in healthy volunteers.

Despite the clinical relevance of nocebo effects, few studies have addressed their underlying neural mechanisms in clinically-relevant pain models. We aimed to address the contribution of nocebo effects and their underlying neural circuitry to central pain amplification in visceral pain, as it may develop over repeated painful experiences due to negative pain-related expectations. Healthy volunteers received verbal suggestions of pain sensitization (nocebo group, N=28) or neutral instructions (control group, N=16).

Positron Emission Tomography/Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Local Tumor Staging in Patients With Primary Breast Cancer: A Comparison With Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the diagnostic performance of integrated positron emission tomography (PET)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the breast for lesion detection and local tumor staging of patients with primary breast cancer in comparison to PET/computed tomography (CT) and MRI.

Materials And Methods: The study was approved by the local institutional review board. Forty-nine patients with biopsy-proven invasive breast cancer were prospectively enrolled in our study.

Non-Enhanced MR Imaging of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations at 7 Tesla.

Objective: To evaluate prospectively 7 Tesla time-of-flight (TOF) magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) and 7 Tesla non-contrast-enhanced magnetization-prepared rapid acquisition gradient-echo (MPRAGE) for delineation of intracerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) in comparison to 1.5 Tesla TOF MRA and digital subtraction angiography (DSA).

Methods: Twenty patients with single or multifocal AVMs were enrolled in this trial.

Neural circuitry underlying effects of context on human pain-related fear extinction in a renewal paradigm.

Objectives: The role of context in pain-related extinction learning remains poorly understood. We analyzed the neural mechanisms underlying context-dependent extinction and renewal in a clinically relevant model of conditioned abdominal pain-related fear.

Experimental Design: In this functional magnetic resonance imaging study, two groups of healthy volunteers underwent differential fear conditioning with painful rectal distensions as unconditioned stimuli (US) and visual conditioned stimuli (CS(+) ; CS(-) ).

Sex differences in cerebellar mechanisms involved in pain-related safety learning.

Recent studies have suggested that the cerebellum contributes to the central processing of pain, including pain-related learning and memory processes. As a complex experience with multiple emotional and cognitive facets, the response to pain and its underlying neural correlates differ between men and women. However, it remains poorly understood whether and to what extent sex differences exist in the cerebellar contribution to pain-related associative learning processes.

Whole-Body MR Imaging in the German National Cohort: Rationale, Design, and Technical Background.

Purpose: To detail the rationale, design, and future perspective of implementing whole-body magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in the German National Cohort, a large multicentric population-based study.

Materials And Methods: All institutional review boards approved the study, and informed consent is obtained before study enrollment. Participants are enrolled from a random sample of the general population at five dedicated imaging sites among 18 recruitment centers.

Dual-energy computed tomography for evaluation of pulmonary nodules with emphasis on metastatic lesions.

Background: The contrast enhancement of pulmonary nodules is a differential diagnostic criterion which can be helpful in staging investigations.

Purpose: To investigate the impact of dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) with regards to the evaluation of pulmonary nodules with emphasis on metastatic lesions.

Material And Methods: DECT scans of the thorax were performed in 70 consecutive patients.

Neural circuitry mediating inflammation-induced central pain amplification in human experimental endotoxemia.

Background & Aims: To elucidate the brain mechanisms underlying inflammation-induced visceral hyperalgesia in humans, in this functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study we tested if intravenous administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) involves altered central processing of visceral pain stimuli.

Methods: In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled fMRI study, 26 healthy male subjects received either an intravenous injection of low-dose LPS (N=14, 0.4 ng/kg body weight) or placebo (N=12, control group).

Integrated FDG PET/MR Imaging for the Assessment of Myocardial Salvage in Reperfused Acute Myocardial Infarction.

Purpose: To compare the size of the area with reduced myocardial fluorodeoxygluose (FDG) uptake with the endocardial surface area (ESA) method as a marker for the area at risk in patients with reperfused acute myocardial infarction.

Materials And Methods: The study was approved by the local institutional review board. All patients gave written informed consent prior to their examination.

Diffuse axonal injury at ultra-high field MRI.

Objective: Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is a specific type of traumatic brain injury caused by shearing forces leading to widespread tearing of axons and small vessels. Traumatic microbleeds (TMBs) are regarded as a radiological marker for DAI. This study aims to compare DAI-associated TMBs at 3 Tesla (T) and 7 T susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) to evaluate possible diagnostic benefits of ultra-high field (UHF) MRI.