Risk of Criminal Justice System Interactions in Young Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Findings From a National Birth Cohort.

Objective: To examine criminal justice system (CJS) interactions and pathways through the justice system for young adults with ADHD compared to young adults without ADHD.

Method: Nationwide 3-year birth cohort study using linked health and CJS data. Cox proportional hazards models were employed to examine associations between ADHD and police proceedings, court charges, court convictions, and incarcerations.

Importance of adjuvant formulation properties in predicting wetting on leaf surfaces.

Background: Leaf wettability can be a barrier to retention of agrichemical sprays. Adjuvants are used to modify leaf wetting by sprays to enhance retention. A previous study developed a model that accurately predicted nonadjuvant formulation wetting (contact angle) on both synthetic and leaf surfaces.

Importance of leaf surface and formulation properties in predicting wetting outcomes.

Background: Leaf wettability is a major hurdle for the retention of agrichemical sprays that is combated, in part, by using adjuvant modified formulations. Scientists must understand the properties of the leaf surface and the formulation that govern wetting to intelligently select or formulate products to target specific pests.

Results: A comprehensive database comprising 11 synthetic surfaces and 54 leaf surfaces (species, adaxial and abaxial sides, cultivars, and plant age) using 35 formulations (neat solutions and adjuvants solutions at different concentrations) was compiled.

Criminal justice system interactions among young adults with and without autism: A national birth cohort study in New Zealand.

Sensationalist headlines and highly publicised criminal cases lead many in the public to believe that people with autism are more likely to engage in criminal behaviour. However, recent studies present an unresolved debate, and indicate this may not necessarily be the case. The aims of this study were to examine the prevalence of criminal justice system interactions among young adults with and without autism, and determine whether offence types differ between these groups.

Evaporating droplets on inclined plant leaves and synthetic surfaces: Experiments and mathematical models.

Hypothesis: Evaporation of surfactant droplets on leaves is complicated due to the complex physical and chemical properties of the leaf surfaces. However, for certain leaf surfaces for which the evaporation process appears to follow the standard constant-contact-radius or constant-contact-angle modes, it should be possible to mimic the droplet evaporation with both a well-chosen synthetic surface and a relatively simple mathematical model.

Experiments: Surfactant droplet evaporation experiments were performed on two commercial crop species, wheat and capsicum, along with two synthetic surfaces, up to a 90° incline.

Image analysis of shatter and pinning events on hard-to-wet leaf surfaces by drops containing surfactant.

Background: A key challenge for developing computer models of spray retention by plants is to accurately predict how spray drops behave when impacting leaf surfaces. One poorly understood outcome occurs when drops bounce or shatter on impact but leave behind a proportion of the liquid on the surface (designated as pinning). This process is studied via impaction experiments with two hard-to-wet leaf surfaces (fat-hen: Chenopodium album and barnyard grass: Echinochloa crus-galli L.

Simulating spray droplet impaction outcomes: comparison with experimental data.

Background: A suite of plant retention spray models has been developed to simulate spray retention using virtual surfaces (either single leaves or whole plants) and their outputs compared with experimental data for the equivalent spray scenarios.

Results: The results for a single formulation (0.1% v/v lecithin mixture in water) and difficult to wet plant species Chenopodium album L (common lambsquarters) are presented.

Mathematical Modelling of Hydrophilic Ionic Fertiliser Diffusion in Plant Cuticles: Lipophilic Surfactant Effects.

The global agricultural industry requires improved efficacy of sprays being applied to weeds and crops to increase financial returns and reduce environmental impact. Enhancing foliar penetration is one way to improve efficacy. Within the plant leaf, the cuticle is the most significant barrier to agrochemical diffusion.

Mathematical Modeling of Diffusion of a Hydrophilic Ionic Fertilizer in Plant Cuticles: Surfactant and Hygroscopic Effects.

The agricultural industry requires improved efficacy of sprays being applied to crops and weeds to reduce their environmental impact and increase financial returns. One way to improve efficacy is by enhancing foliar penetration. The plant leaf cuticle is the most significant barrier to agrochemical diffusion within the leaf.

Nonlinear Porous Diffusion Modeling of Hydrophilic Ionic Agrochemicals in Astomatous Plant Cuticle Aqueous Pores: A Mechanistic Approach.

The agricultural industry requires improved efficacy of sprays being applied to crops and weeds in order to reduce their environmental impact and deliver improved financial returns. Enhanced foliar uptake is one means of improving efficacy. The plant leaf cuticle is known to be the main barrier to diffusion of agrochemicals within the leaf.

Methods for evaluating leaf surface free energy and polarity having accounted for surface roughness.

Background: Leaf surfaces can have similar wettability, while their roughness and polarity may be very different. This may affect agrochemical bioefficacy, hence there is a need to characterise leaf surface polarity and roughness separately. This paper reviews established surface evaluation techniques and then uses a comprehensive dataset of static contact angles (12 chemical solutions on 15 different species) to compare and contrast them for their ability to characterise leaf surface polarity in isolation from roughness.

Simulating droplet motion on virtual leaf surfaces.

A curvilinear thin film model is used to simulate the motion of droplets on a virtual leaf surface, with a view to better understand the retention of agricultural sprays on plants. The governing model, adapted from Roy et al. (2002 J.

Effect of solution and leaf surface polarity on droplet spread area and contact angle.

Background: How much an agrochemical spray droplet spreads on a leaf surface can significantly influence efficacy. This study investigates the effect solution polarity has on droplet spreading on leaf surfaces and whether the relative leaf surface polarity, as quantified using the wetting tension dielectric (WTD) technique, influences the final spread area. Contact angles and spread areas were measured using four probe solutions on 17 species.

The contribution of spray formulation component variables to foliar uptake of agrichemicals.

Background: The objective of the present study was to determine the contribution of the active ingredient (AI) and surfactant, and their concentrations, to the foliar uptake of agrichemicals, and to examine the physical properties that would need to be included in a model for foliar uptake.

Results: All spray formulation component variables significantly affected uptake, explaining 73% of the deviance. The deviance explained by each factor ranged from 43% (AI concentration nested within AI) to 5.

Comparison of different focusing fiber tips for improved oral diode laser surgery.

Background And Objectives: State of the art for use of the fiber guided diode laser in dental therapy is the application of bare fibers. A novel concept with delivery fiber and exchangeable fiber tips enables the use of tips with special and optimized geometries for various applications. The aim of this study is the comparison of different focusing fiber tips for enhanced cutting efficacy in oral surgery.

Quantification of physical (roughness) and chemical (dielectric constant) leaf surface properties relevant to wettability and adhesion.

Background: Spray droplet adhesion is dependent not only on formulation and droplet parameters but also on the surface properties (physical and chemical) of the leaf. Quantifying these leaf surface properties would aid understanding and modelling of adhesion, helping to optimise spray formulations. Fractal dimensions (FDs) were used to quantify the relative leaf surface roughness of ten plant species.

Systemic adverse events: a comparison between topical and peribulbar anaesthesia in cataract surgery.

Aims: To evaluate the safety of topical anaesthesia (TA) versus peribulbar anaesthesia (PBA) in patients undergoing routine cataract surgery on the basis of systemic adverse events.

Methods: In this retrospective study, a total of 2,020 consecutive cases of cataract surgery performed by one surgeon on 1,621 patients with PBA (n = 1,010; between 1998-1999) or TA (n = 1,010; between 1999-2001) were evaluated on the basis of intra-operative and early postoperative adverse events requiring medical intervention.

Results: The rate of pre-existing risk factors in patients undergoing cataract surgery is high (97%).

Cuticular uptake of xenobiotics into living plants. Part 2: influence of the xenobiotic dose on the uptake of bentazone, epoxiconazole and pyraclostrobin, applied in the presence of various surfactants, into Chenopodium album, Sinapis alba and Triticum aestivum leaves.

This study has determined the uptake of three pesticides, applied as commercial or model formulations in the presence of a wide range of surfactants, into the leaves of three plant species (bentazone into Chenopodium album L. and Sinapis alba L., epoxiconazole and pyraclostrobin into Triticum aestivum L.

Mechanisms of cuticular uptake of xenobiotics into living plants: evaluation of a logistic-kinetic penetration model.

The objective of this study was to determine whether a logistic-kinetic penetration model could be applied to whole plant uptake. Uptake over 24 h was determined for three model compounds, applied in the presence and absence of surfactants, into the leaves of two plant species. Data for two time intervals were used in the model to predict uptake at intermediate intervals and compared with experimental results.

Mechanisms of cuticular uptake of xenobiotics into living plants: 1. Influence of xenobiotic dose on the uptake of three model compounds applied in the absence and presence of surfactants into Chenopodium album, Hedera helix and Stephanotis floribunda leaves.

This study determined the uptake of three model compounds, applied in the presence and absence of surfactants, into the leaves of three plant species (Chenopodium album L, Hedera helix L and Stephanotis floribunda Brongn). The results with 2-deoxy-D-glucose, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and epoxiconazole in the presence ofsurfactants (the polyethylene glycol monododecyl ethers C12EO3, C12EO6, C12EO10 and a trisiloxane ethoxylate with mean EO of 7.5, all used at one equimolar concentration and therefore different percentage concentrations) illustrate that the initial dose (nmol mm(-2)) of xenobiotic applied to plant foliage is a strong positive determinant of uptake.

ARB: a software environment for sequence data.

The ARB (from Latin arbor, tree) project was initiated almost 10 years ago. The ARB program package comprises a variety of directly interacting software tools for sequence database maintenance and analysis which are controlled by a common graphical user interface. Although it was initially designed for ribosomal RNA data, it can be used for any nucleic and amino acid sequence data as well.

[Necrosis of the semilunar bone--what is possible in ambulatory operations?].

The author has been operating on cases of lunatum necrose using all usual operating methods, excluding attached vessel pisiforme transfer, increasingly over the past 9 years without an overnight stay in hospital being necessary for patients. Depending on the quality of the structure, we have not experienced any disadvantages in comparison to hospitalised patients. Regarding funding: The costs of these operations are covered and are justifiable in combination with additional hand operations within the outpatients department.

An SSR-based genetic linkage map for perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne L.).

A simple sequence repeat (SSR)-based linkage map has been constructed for perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne L.) using a one-way pseudo-testcross reference population. A total of 309 unique perennial ryegrass SSR (LPSSR) primer pairs showing efficient amplification were evaluated for genetic polymorphism, with 31% detecting segregating alleles.

Holographic interferometry of excimer-laser-ablated bovine eyes: first results.

Purpose: To investigate the effects of areal corneal ablations of different depth on the biomechanical properties of the cornea.

Method: The qualitative change of the holographic interferometric fringe pattern of enucleated bovine corneas due to areal mechanical ablations (group A) of 35% and 70% depth of the central cornea and 15, 30, and 50% excimer laser ablations in each eye (group B) was investigated.

Results: Ablations of 50% (group B) and 70% (group A) showed a significant variation of the fringe pattern as an effect of the corneal weakening.