Correlation of gene amplification and mutation with PD-L1 expression in non-small cell lung cancer.

Background: The role of amplification in lung cancer, particularly in relation to checkpoint inhibition and WT, has not been fully explored. In this study, we correlated PD-L1 expression with amplification and , , or mutation in primary lung cancer.

Methods: In this retrospective study, tissue collected from 471 various tumors, including 397 lung cancers, was tested for amplification by FISH with a /centromere probe.

Immunohistochemistry and alternative FISH testing in breast cancer with HER2 equivocal amplification.

Purpose: While HER2 testing is well established in directing appropriate treatment for breast cancer, a small percentage of cases show equivocal results by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Alternative probes may be used in equivocal cases. We present a single community-based institution's experience in further evaluating these cases.

A three-dimensional model of a group II intron RNA and its interaction with the intron-encoded reverse transcriptase.

Group II introns are self-splicing ribozymes believed to be the ancestors of spliceosomal introns. Many group II introns encode reverse transcriptases that promote both RNA splicing and intron mobility to new genomic sites. Here we used a circular permutation and crosslinking method to establish 16 intramolecular distance relationships within the mobile Lactococcus lactis Ll.

Construction and 3-D computer modeling of connector arrays with tetragonal to decagonal transition induced by pRNA of phi29 DNA-packaging motor.

The bottom-up assembly of patterned arrays is an exciting and important area in current nanotechnology. Arrays can be engineered to serve as components in chips for a virtually inexhaustible list of applications ranging from disease diagnosis to ultrahigh-density data storage. In attempting to achieve this goal, a number of methods to facilitate array design and production have been developed.

Domain structure and three-dimensional model of a group II intron-encoded reverse transcriptase.

Group II intron-encoded proteins (IEPs) have both reverse transcriptase (RT) activity, which functions in intron mobility, and maturase activity, which promotes RNA splicing by stabilizing the catalytically active RNA structure. The LtrA protein encoded by the Lactococcus lactis Ll.LtrB group II intron contains an N-terminal RT domain, with conserved sequence motifs RT1 to 7 found in the fingers and palm of retroviral RTs; domain X, associated with maturase activity; and C-terminal DNA-binding and DNA endonuclease domains.