Understanding the neural basis of natural intelligence.

Understanding the neural basis of natural intelligence necessitates a paradigm shift: from strict reductionism toward embracing complexity and diversity. New tools and theories enable us to tackle this challenge, providing unprecedented access to neural dynamics and behavior across time, contexts, and species. Principles for intelligent behavior and learning in the natural world are now, more than ever, within reach.

Vascular supply of the radial nerve and its terminal branches: an anatomical study.

Purpose: The aim of this cadaveric study was to further describe the vascular supply of the radial, posterior interosseous and superficial radial nerves.

Methods: 11 cadaveric upper limbs, injected with colored latex, were dissected. Vascular afferents to the radial nerve, superficial radial nerve (SRN) and posterior interosseous nerve (PIN) were described and located.

Long-term outcome of fibula flaps in complex limb reconstruction compared to alternative procedures, a median follow up of 41 months.

Introduction: Complex open long bone fractures present a multidisciplinary surgical challenge. Various treatment options are discussed with no consensus. Fibula flaps (FF) are frequently used in maxillofacial surgery, however their use in limb injuries is less common.

Biomechanical characterization of cadaveric brachial plexus microstructure.

Introduction: Peripheral nerves consist of axons and connective tissue. The amount of connective tissue in peripheral nerves such as the brachial plexus varies proximally to distally. The proximal regions of the brachial plexus are more susceptible to stretch injuries than the distal regions.

Biomechanical characterization of cadaveric brachial plexus regions using uniaxial tensile tests.

Introduction: The proximal regions of the brachial plexus (roots, trunks) are more susceptible to permanent damage due to stretch injuries than the distal regions (cords, terminal branches). A better description of brachial plexus mechanical behavior is necessary to better understand deformation mechanisms in stretch injury. The purpose of this study was to model the biomechanical behavior of each portion of the brachial plexus (roots, trunks, cords, peripheral nerves) in a cadaveric model and report differences in elastic modulus, maximum stress and maximum strain.

Outcomes of Arthrodesis of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint of the Thumb for Sequelae of Collateral Ligament Injuries: A Series of 18 Cases with 6-Year Follow-Up.

Untreated or insufficiently treated collateral ligament injuries of the thumb metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint can lead to instability or even osteoarthritis. Arthrodesis is one of the treatment options available for the treatment of the sequelae of collateral ligament injuries. The objective of our study was to evaluate the radiological, clinical and functional outcomes of MP joint arthrodesis performed for sequelae of collateral ligament injuries.

Cadaveric study of flexor digitorum profundus and superficialis and flexor pollicis longus innervation patterns for application in selective neurectomy.

Purpose: Spasticity management in finger flexors (flexor digitorum profundus and superficialis and flexor pollicis longus) is a challenge. Recent studies demonstrated the short- and long-term efficacy of selective and hyperselective neurectomy for the spastic upper limb. However, hyperselective neurectomy of flexor digitorum profundus and flexor digitorum superficialis branches was incomplete, without impairing their muscular body and function.

Comparison of proximal row carpectomy with RCPI® versus proximal row carpectomy with Eaton's capsular interposition in the management of advanced wrist osteoarthritis.

Introduction: Proximal row carpectomy (PRC) is one of the recommended techniques for managing wrist osteoarthritis, it implies the integrity of the lunate fossa of the radius and the proximal pole of the capitate. If PRC is not possible, it is suggested to consider combining it with a capsule interposition (such as Eaton's flap) or opting for intra- or radiocarpal arthrodesis. Another alternative is to combine capitate resurfacing with a pyrocarbon implant (RCPi®).

Ligamentoplasty in scapholunate instability: short-term results of the "all dorsal scapholunate repair" technique.

Injury to the scapholunate complex is the cause of scapholunate instability which can lead to radiocarpal and medio-carpal osteoarthritis. Several ligamentoplasty techniques have been reported for the treatment of chronic scapholunate instability before the osteoarthritis stage. The objective of this study was to assess the short-term results of an "all dorsal scapholunate repair" ligamentoplasty.

Hippocampal representation during collective spatial behaviour in bats.

Social animals live and move through spaces shaped by the presence, motion and sensory cues of multiple other individuals. Neural activity in the hippocampus is known to reflect spatial behaviour yet its study is lacking in such dynamic group settings, which are ubiquitous in natural environments. Here we studied hippocampal activity in groups of bats engaged in collective spatial behaviour.

Radial nerve lesion after medial epicondyle osteosynthesis in a pediatric patient: A rare complication of surgery.

Fractures of the medial epicondyle are relatively common in children and may be associated with nerve lesion, especially in case of displacement. Incarceration of the ulnar nerve in the fracture site is feared in Watson-Jones stage II, rarely directly related to osteosynthesis. Depending on the degree of fracture displacement, various osteosynthesis techniques may be used; nerve injuries are a rare but known complication of these procedures.

Separation of congenital embryonic syndactylies in children: dorsal or volar flap? About a comparative retrospective series.

Congenital syndactylies account for 1 to 2 out of 2000 birth defects. Although several types of syndactylies exist, we only studied embryonic syndactylies. The goal of our study was to compare 2 types of coverage flap for the reconstruction of the finger web spaces: a volar flap described by Blauth and a dorsal flap described by Gilbert.

Clinical and functional outcomes of surgical treatment of grade III ulnar collateral ligament injuries of thumb metacarpophalangeal joint.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the clinical and functional outcomes of three surgical techniques (subperiosteal suture, bone anchor and direct repair) for the management of severe acute ulnar collateral ligament injuries of the thumb metacarpophalangeal joint with a minimum of 1 year follow-up.

Material And Methods: Between 2015 and 2020, 230 collateral ligament injuries required surgical treatment in our department. After the inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, 100 were included in the study.

Enhanced Feedback Inhibition Due to Increased Recruitment of Somatostatin-Expressing Interneurons and Enhanced Cortical Recurrent Excitation in a Genetic Mouse Model of Migraine.

Migraine is a complex brain disorder, characterized by attacks of unilateral headache and global dysfunction in multisensory information processing, whose underlying cellular and circuit mechanisms remain unknown. The finding of enhanced excitatory, but unaltered inhibitory, neurotransmission at cortical synapses between pyramidal cells (PCs) and fast-spiking interneurons (FS INs) in mouse models of familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) suggested the hypothesis that dysregulation of the excitatory-inhibitory (E/I) balance in specific circuits is a key pathogenic mechanism. Here, we investigated the cortical layer 2/3 (L2/3) feedback inhibition microcircuit involving somatostatin-expressing (SOM) INs in FHM1 mice of both sexes carrying a gain-of-function mutation in Ca2.

A stable hippocampal code in freely flying bats.

Neural activity in the hippocampus is known to reflect how animals move through an environment. Although navigational behaviour may show considerable stability, the tuning stability of individual hippocampal neurons remains unclear. Here we used wireless calcium imaging to longitudinally monitor the activity of dorsal CA1 hippocampal neurons in freely flying bats performing highly reproducible flights in a familiar environment.

Recent and chronic sprains of the First Metacarpo-Phalangeal Joint.

Sprains of the first metacarpo-phalangeal joint (MCPJ) are a common form of hand injury that mainly affects the ulnar collateral ligament. Although the diagnosis is made on the physical findings, radiographs must be obtained and ultrasonography or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is necessary in some cases. If the joint is unstable or a bony fragment is displaced, surgery must be performed within 4 weeks after the injury.

Intermetacarpal M4-M5 arthrodesis (Dubert procedure) for fifth carpometacarpal joint osteoarthritis: long-term functional outcomes.

The goal of this study was to describe the long-term functional outcomes of the procedure described by Dubert (stabilized arthroplasty with intermetacarpal arthrodesis) for painful carpometacarpal impingement of the little finger. Between 2005 and 2017, 8 patients (1 woman and 7 men) were operated on who had a mean age of 38 years (24-53 years). Seven cases were post-traumatic (malunion) and one was due to septic arthritis.

Optogenetic strategies for high-efficiency all-optical interrogation using blue-light-sensitive opsins.

All-optical methods for imaging and manipulating brain networks with high spatial resolution are fundamental to study how neuronal ensembles drive behavior. Stimulation of neuronal ensembles using two-photon holographic techniques requires high-sensitivity actuators to avoid photodamage and heating. Moreover, two-photon-excitable opsins should be insensitive to light at wavelengths used for imaging.

General principles of tendon transfers: The ten commandments.

Transferring a muscle's point of force application by modifying its distal insertion will modify its function. This is the basic principle of tendon transfers. Despite being less popular due to superior primary nerve repair results, hand surgeons must be familiar with them.

Clinical, functional, and radiological results of the Amandys® interposition arthroplasty in 13 cases of wrist osteoarthritis.

Amandys® pyrocarbon interposition arthroplasty is intended for widespread arthritis of the wrist. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical, functional, and radiological results of this arthroplasty with a minimum follow-up of 12 months. This retrospective single-center study brought together all osteoarthritis indications that can benefit from an Amandys® arthroplasty.

Extended field-of-view ultrathin microendoscopes for high-resolution two-photon imaging with minimal invasiveness.

Imaging neuronal activity with high and homogeneous spatial resolution across the field-of-view (FOV) and limited invasiveness in deep brain regions is fundamental for the progress of neuroscience, yet is a major technical challenge. We achieved this goal by correcting optical aberrations in gradient index lens-based ultrathin (≤500 µm) microendoscopes using aspheric microlenses generated through 3D-microprinting. Corrected microendoscopes had extended FOV () with homogeneous spatial resolution for two-photon fluorescence imaging and required no modification of the optical set-up.

Upper limb compartment syndrome after a viper bite in a child: A case report.

The occurrence of compartment syndrome after a viper bite is a rare phenomenon and its treatment remains controversial. We report the case of an 11-year-old boy who developed compartment syndrome of the right upper limb following a viper bite. Decompression by fasciotomy was performed urgently with a good outcome.