Healthy eating interventions conducted in small, local restaurants and hot food takeaways: A systematic review.

Objective: This systematic review investigates the characteristics, effectiveness, and acceptability of interventions to encourage healthier eating in small, independent restaurants and takeaways.

Design: We searched five databases (CENTRAL, Medline, Embase, CINAHL, and Science Citation Index & Social Science Citation Index) in June 2022. Eligible studies had to measure changes in sales, availability, nutritional quality, portion sizes, or dietary intake of interventions targeting customer behaviour or restaurant environments.

High-flow nasal cannula therapy for infants with bronchiolitis.

Background: Bronchiolitis is a common lower respiratory tract illness, usually of viral aetiology, affecting infants younger than 24 months of age and is the most common cause of hospitalisation of infants. It causes airway inflammation, mucus production and mucous plugging, resulting in airway obstruction. Effective pharmacotherapy is lacking and bronchiolitis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality.

Parliamentary reaction to the announcement and implementation of the UK Soft Drinks Industry Levy: applied thematic analysis of 2016-2020 parliamentary debates.

Objective: The UK Soft Drinks Industry Levy (SDIL) (announced in March 2016; implemented in April 2018) aims to incentivise reformulation of soft drinks to reduce added sugar levels. The SDIL has been applauded as a policy success, and it has survived calls from parliamentarians for it to be repealed. We aimed to explore parliamentary reaction to the SDIL following its announcement until two years post-implementation in order to understand how health policy can become established and resilient to opposition.

Industry views of the UK Soft Drinks Industry Levy: a thematic analysis of elite interviews with food and drink industry professionals, 2018-2020.

Objectives: The UK Soft Drinks Industry Levy (SDIL), implemented in 2018, has been successful in reducing the sugar content and purchasing of soft drinks, with limited financial impact on industry. Understanding the views of food and drink industry professionals involved in reacting to the SDIL is important for policymaking. However, their perceptions of the challenges of implementation and strategic responses are unknown.

The conceptualisation and operationalisation of 'marketing' in public health research: a review of reviews focused on food marketing using principles from critical interpretive synthesis.

Background: Extensive public health research reports the nature, scope and effects of various marketing activities used by food and drinks companies to support the sale of their products. Such literature informs the regulation of food marketing that encourages unhealthy eating behaviours and poor diet-related health outcomes. However, it is not clear whether this literature consistently conceptualises and applies marketing, which could in turn influence the approach and efficacy of policies to regulate food marketing.

Real-world outcomes of continuous glucose monitoring in adults with diabetes mellitus attending an Irish tertiary hospital.

Backgrounds And Aims: The American Diabetes Association/European Association for the Study of Diabetes recently recommend the preferential use of continuous glucose monitoring(CGM) over self-monitoring of blood glucose for the management of type 1 diabetes (T1DM). For most adults with T1DM, the recommended target time in range is > 70% with < 4% time below range. In Ireland, CGM use has become increasingly popular since 2021.

Acute Charcot arthropathy as a first presentation of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Charcot arthropathy in people with diabetes is generally seen when diabetes has been well established, and therefore it is not routinely considered as a differential diagnosis in people presenting with erythematous and oedematous joints in primary care. We present two cases of acute Charcot arthropathy as a first presentation of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The first case describes a man in his 70s, who presented with a 5-week history of right foot pain, treated initially in the community as cellulitis.

Reactions of industry and associated organisations to the announcement of the UK Soft Drinks Industry Levy: longitudinal thematic analysis of UK media articles, 2016-18.

Background: The UK Soft Drinks Industry Levy (SDIL) was announced in March 2016, became law in April 2017, and was implemented in April 2018. Empirical analyses of commercial responses have not been undertaken to establish the scale, direction or nuance of industry media messaging around fiscal policies. We aimed to develop a detailed understanding of industry reactions to the SDIL in publicly available media, including whether and how these changed from announcement to implementation.

Associations between trajectories of obesity prevalence in English primary school children and the UK soft drinks industry levy: An interrupted time series analysis of surveillance data.

Background: Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) are the primary source of dietary added sugars in children, with high consumption commonly observed in more deprived areas where obesity prevalence is also highest. Associations between SSB consumption and obesity in children have been widely reported. In March 2016, a two-tier soft drinks industry levy (SDIL) on drinks manufacturers to encourage reformulation of SSBs in the United Kingdom was announced and then implemented in April 2018.

Diabetic gastroparesis: clinical features, diagnosis and management.

Diabetic gastroparesis carries a heavy burden on people with diabetes and the healthcare system. It remains underdiagnosed and represents challenges to treat. This article reviews the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of diabetic gastroparesis.

Impact of glycaemic technologies on quality of life and related outcomes in adults with type 1 diabetes: A narrative review.

Aims: To explore the association between the use of glycaemic technologies and person-reported outcomes (PROs) in adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D).

Methods: We included T1D and technology publications reporting on PROs since 2014. Only randomised controlled trials and cohort studies that used validated PRO measures (PROMs) were considered.

Making integration foundational in population health intervention research: why we need 'Work Package Zero'.

Objectives: We aimed to identify when and how integration should take place within evaluations of complex population health interventions (PHIs).

Study Design: Descriptive analytical approach.

Methods: We draw on conceptual insights that emerged through (1) a working group on integration and (2) a diverse range of literature on case studies, small-n evaluations and mixed methods evaluation studies.

Exploring the potential impact of the proposed UK TV and online food advertising regulations: a concept mapping study.

Objectives: In July 2020 the UK Government announced an intention to restrict advertisements for products high in fat, salt or sugar on live broadcast, catch-up and on-demand television before 21:00 hours; and paid for online advertising. As no other jurisdiction has implemented similar regulations, there is no empirical evidence about how they might perturb the food system. To guide the regulations' implementation and evaluation, we aimed to develop a concept map to hypothesise their potential consequences for the commercial food system, health and society.

Serum OPG/TRAIL ratio predicts the presence of cardiovascular disease in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Aims: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Epidemiological studies suggest serum Osteoprotegrin (OPG)/Tumour-necrosis-factor-related-apoptosis-inducing- ligand (TRAIL) ratio may be a useful marker of cardiovascular risk. This study aimed to compare serum levels of TRAIL, OPG and OPG/TRAIL ratio in people with T2DM, with and without a history of CVD, and controls; and to determine which of these indices, if any, predict cardiovascular risk.

Understanding Marketing Responses to a Tax on Sugary Drinks: A Qualitative Interview Study in the United Kingdom, 2019.

Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that countries implement fiscal policies to reduce the health impacts of sugary drinks. Few studies have fully examined the responses of industry to these policies, and whether they support or undermine health benefits of sugary drinks taxes. We aimed to explore the changes that sugary drinks companies may make to their marketing, and underlying decision-making processes, in response to such a tax.

Current provision and HCP experiences of remote care delivery and diabetes technology training for people with type 1 diabetes in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to the rapid implementation of remote care delivery in type 1 diabetes. We studied current modes of care delivery, healthcare professional experiences and impact on insulin pump training in type 1 diabetes care in the United Kingdom (UK).

Methods: The UK Diabetes Technology Network designed a 48-question survey aimed at healthcare professionals providing care in type 1 diabetes.

No effect of calcium and vitamin D intake on maternal blood pressure in a healthy pregnant population.

Objectives: Clinical studies have reported an inverse relationship between calcium and vitamin D intake and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP). The aim of this study was to investigate if there was an association between calcium/vitamin D intake, and vitamin D (25OHD) status, and maternal blood pressure (BP), during pregnancy and at 5-year follow-up.

Study Design: This was an observational study of 415 women who participated in the ROLO (Randomised cOntrolled trial of LOw glycaemic index diet for the prevention of recurrence of macrosomia) study.

Newspaper coverage of food insecurity in UK, 2016-2019: a multi-method analysis.

Background: Food insecurity is a growing concern in the UK. Newspaper coverage can reflect and shape public and political views. We examined how frequently food insecurity was reported on in UK newspapers, how the problem and its drivers were described, and which solutions were proposed.

Metastatic medullary thyroid carcinoma presenting as ectopic Cushing's syndrome.

Summary: A 41-year-old male presented to the Emergency Department with a 6-month history of back and hip pain. Skeletal survey revealed bilateral pubic rami fractures and MRI of the spine demonstrated multiple thoracic and lumbar fractures. Secondary work up for osteoporosis was undertaken.

TRAIL inhibits oxidative stress in human aortic endothelial cells exposed to pro-inflammatory stimuli.

Studies suggest that tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) has vasoprotective potential, as low levels of TRAIL cause accelerated vascular calcification, whereas exogenous TRAIL administration exhibits anti-atherosclerotic activity. The mechanism of TRAIL-mediated vasoprotection remains unclear. We studied the effects of TRAIL (100 ng/ml) on human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) exposed to pro-atherogenic conditions; (a) oscillatory shear stress (±10 dynes/cm ) using the ibidi µ-slide fluidic system; (b) pro-inflammatory injury, that is, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α, 100 ng/ml) and hyperglycemia (30 mM d-glucose).

The diagnostic utility of late night salivary cortisol (LNSF) and cortisone (LNSE) in Cushing's syndrome.

Background: Measurement of late night salivary cortisol (LNSF) is useful in the identification of cyclical Cushing's syndrome (CS); the usefulness of its metabolite cortisone (late night salivary cortisone, LNSE) is less well described.

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the utility of measuring LNSE in patients with confirmed CS compared with other diagnostic tests and to analyse serial LNSF measurements for evidence of variable hormonogenesis.

Methods: This was a retrospective observational study including patients with confirmed CS in whom LNSF and LNSE were measured.