Stochastic Entropy Production Associated with Quantum Measurement in a Framework of Markovian Quantum State Diffusion.

The reduced density matrix that characterises the state of an open quantum system is a projection from the full density matrix of the quantum system and its environment, and there are many full density matrices consistent with a given reduced version. Without a specification of relevant details of the environment, the time evolution of a reduced density matrix is therefore typically unpredictable, even if the dynamics of the full density matrix are deterministic. With this in mind, we investigate a two-level open quantum system using a framework of quantum state diffusion.

Effect of IV Thrombolysis With Alteplase in Patients With Vessel Occlusion in the WAKE-UP Trial.

Background And Objectives: Data from randomized trials on the treatment effect of pure thrombolysis in patients with vessel occlusion are lacking. We examined data from a corresponding subsample of patients from the multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled WAKE-UP trial to determine whether MRI-guided IV thrombolysis with alteplase in unknown-onset ischemic stroke benefits patients presenting with vessel occlusion.

Methods: Patients with an acute ischemic lesion visible on MRI diffusion-weighted imaging but no marked parenchymal hyperintensity on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images were randomized to treatment with IV alteplase or placebo.

Effect of correcting iron deficiency on the risk of serious infection in heart failure: Insights from the IRONMAN trial.

Aims: Concerns exist that intravenous (IV) iron might increase the risk of infections. The IRONMAN trial provided an opportunity to investigate whether giving IV ferric derisomaltose (FDI) to patients with heart failure and iron deficiency alters the rate of hospitalization or death due to infections.

Methods And Results: IRONMAN was a randomized trial of IV FDI versus usual care in patients with symptomatic heart failure, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤45%, and transferrin saturation (TSAT) <20% or ferritin <100 μg/L.

Adjudication of Hospitalizations and Deaths in the IRONMAN Trial of Intravenous Iron for Heart Failure.

Background: Patients with heart failure and iron deficiency have diverse causes for hospitalization and death that might be affected by iron repletion.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to explore causes of hospitalizations and deaths in a randomized trial (IRONMAN) of heart failure comparing intravenous ferric derisomaltose (FDI) (n = 568) and usual care (n = 569).

Methods: Patients with heart failure, left ventricular ejection fraction ≤45%, and either transferrin saturation <20% or serum ferritin <100 μg/L were enrolled.

A randomized comparison of the treatment sequence of percutaneous coronary intervention and transcatheter aortic valve implantation: Rationale and design of the TAVI PCI trial.

Background: About half of patients with severe aortic stenosis present with concomitant coronary artery disease. The optimal timing of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) in patients with severe aortic stenosis and concomitant coronary artery disease remains unknown.

Study Design: The TAVI PCI trial is a prospective, international, multicenter, randomized, 2-arm, open-label study planning to enroll a total of 986 patients.

Prenucleation Cluster Pathway is Inconsistent with CaCO Kinetics.

It has been debated whether CaCO nucleates classically with the attainment of a critical cluster size or nonclassically with the restructuring of a prenucleation cluster (PNC). Here, we determine from the nucleation kinetics of CaCO that the transition state is composed of about 10 formula units, irrespective of the supersaturation. Crucially, the size of the transition state is considerably smaller than the average PNC size estimated from experimental characterization.

Prediction of individual lifetime cardiovascular risk and potential treatment benefit: development and recalibration of the LIFE-CVD2 model to four European risk regions.

Aims: The 2021 European Society of Cardiology prevention guidelines recommend the use of (lifetime) risk prediction models to aid decisions regarding initiation of prevention. We aimed to update and systematically recalibrate the LIFEtime-perspective CardioVascular Disease (LIFE-CVD) model to four European risk regions for the estimation of lifetime CVD risk for apparently healthy individuals.

Methods And Results: The updated LIFE-CVD (i.

Telehealth delivery of physical therapist-led interventions for persons with chronic low back pain in underserved communities: lessons from pragmatic clinical trials.

In this perspective, we present our experience developing and conducting two pragmatic clinical trials investigating physical therapist-led telehealth strategies for persons with chronic low back pain. Both trials, the BeatPain Utah and AIM-Back trials, are part of pragmatic clinical trial collaboratories and are being conducted with persons from communities that experience pain management disparities. Practice guidelines recommend nonpharmacologic care, and advise against opioid therapy, for the primary care management of persons with chronic low back pain.

Allopurinol and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with ischaemic heart disease: the ALL-HEART RCT and economic evaluation.

Background: Allopurinol is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor that lowers serum uric acid and is used to prevent acute gout flares in patients with gout. Observational and small interventional studies have suggested beneficial cardiovascular effects of allopurinol.

Objective: To determine whether allopurinol improves major cardiovascular outcomes in patients with ischaemic heart disease.

Intravenous iron and SGLT2 inhibitors in iron-deficient patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction.

Aims: To explore the potential interaction between use of SGLT2 inhibitors and the increase in haemoglobin in patients randomized to intravenous iron or the control group in the IRONMAN (Effectiveness of Intravenous Iron Treatment versus Standard Care in Patients with Heart Failure and Iron Deficiency) trial.

Methods And Results: This was a post hoc exploratory analysis of the IRONMAN trial which randomized patients with heart failure, a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤ 45% and iron deficiency (transferrin saturation <20% or ferritin <100 μg/L) to open label intravenous ferric derisomaltose or usual care. Of the 1137 randomized patients, 29 (2.

Intravenous iron for heart failure, iron deficiency definitions, and clinical response: the IRONMAN trial.

Background And Aims: What is the relationship between blood tests for iron deficiency, including anaemia, and the response to intravenous iron in patients with heart failure?

Methods: In the IRONMAN trial, 1137 patients with heart failure, ejection fraction ≤ 45%, and either serum ferritin < 100 µg/L or transferrin saturation (TSAT) < 20% were randomized to intravenous ferric derisomaltose (FDI) or usual care. Relationships were investigated between baseline anaemia severity, ferritin and TSAT, to changes in haemoglobin from baseline to 4 months, Minnesota Living with Heart Failure (MLwHF) score and 6-minute walk distance achieved at 4 months, and clinical events, including heart failure hospitalization (recurrent) or cardiovascular death.

Results: The rise in haemoglobin after administering FDI, adjusted for usual care, was greater for lower baseline TSAT (Pinteraction < .

Clinical outcomes and adverse events of bariatric surgery in adults with severe obesity in Scotland: the SCOTS observational cohort study.

Background: Bariatric surgery is a common procedure worldwide for the treatment of severe obesity and associated comorbid conditions but there is a lack of evidence as to medium-term safety and effectiveness outcomes in a United Kingdom setting.

Objective: To establish the clinical outcomes and adverse events of different bariatric surgical procedures, their impact on quality of life and the effect on comorbidities.

Design: Prospective observational cohort study.

Use of implementation mapping in the planning of a hybrid type 1 pragmatic clinical trial: the BeatPain Utah study.

Background: Considerable disparities in chronic pain management have been identified. Persons in rural, lower income, and minoritized communities are less likely to receive evidence-based, nonpharmacologic care. Telehealth delivery of nonpharmacologic, evidence-based interventions for persons with chronic pain is a promising strategy to lessen disparities, but implementation comes with many challenges.

The Impact of Ferric Derisomaltose on Cardiovascular and Noncardiovascular Events in Patients With Anemia, Iron Deficiency, and Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction.

Background: In some countries, intravenous ferric derisomaltose (FDI) is only licensed for treating iron deficiency with anemia. Accordingly, we investigated the effects of intravenous FDI in a subgroup of patients with anemia in the IRONMAN (Effectiveness of Intravenous (IV) Iron Treatment Versus Standard Care in Patients With Heart Failure and Iron Deficiency) trial.

Method And Results: IRONMAN enrolled patients with heart failure, a left ventricular ejection fraction of ≤45%, and iron deficiency (ferritin <100 µg/L or transferrin saturation of <20%), 771 (68%) of whom had anemia (hemoglobin <12 g/dL for women and <13 g/dL for men).

Accelerating Solvent Dynamics with Replica Exchange for Improved Free Energy Sampling.

Molecular reactions in solution typically involve solvent exchange; for example, a surface must partly desolvate for a molecule to adsorb onto it. When these reactions are simulated, slow solvent dynamics can limit the sampling of configurations and reduce the accuracy of free energy estimates. Here, we combine Hamiltonian replica exchange (HREX) with well-tempered metadynamics (WTMD) to accelerate the sampling of solvent configurations orthogonal to the collective variable space.

Use of implementation mapping in the planning of a hybrid type 1 pragmatic clinical trial: the BeatPain Utah study.

Background: Considerable disparities in chronic pain management have been identified. Persons in rural, lower income and minoritized communities are less likely to receive evidence-based, nonpharmacologic care. Telehealth delivery of nonpharmacologic, evidence-based interventions for persons with chronic pain is a promising strategy to lessen disparities, but implementation comes with many challenges.

Blenderized tube feedings: Practice recommendations from the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition.

Prior to the 1970s, blending food and liquids and putting them through an enteral access device (EAD) was the most common form of enteral nutrition (EN). However, in the 1970s, blenderized tube feedings (BTFs) became less popular due to the emergence of modern commercial enteral formulas (CEFs). Recently, a cultural shift toward consuming a natural diet, consisting of whole foods, has led to a resurgence in the use of BTF.

Timing of Complete Revascularization with Multivessel PCI for Myocardial Infarction.

Background: In patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) with multivessel coronary artery disease, the time at which complete revascularization of nonculprit lesions should be performed remains unknown.

Methods: We performed an international, open-label, randomized, noninferiority trial at 37 sites in Europe. Patients in a hemodynamically stable condition who had STEMI and multivessel coronary artery disease were randomly assigned to undergo immediate multivessel percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI; immediate group) or PCI of the culprit lesion followed by staged multivessel PCI of nonculprit lesions within 19 to 45 days after the index procedure (staged group).

New-onset atrial fibrillation and chronic coronary syndrome in the CLARIFY registry.

Background And Aims: Data on new-onset atrial fibrillation (NOAF) in patients with chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) are scarce. This study aims to describe the incidence, predictors, and impact on cardiovascular (CV) outcomes of NOAF in CCS patients.

Methods: Data from the international (45 countries) CLARIFY registry (prospeCtive observational LongitudinAl RegIstry oF patients with stable coronary arterY disease) were used.

Dissipation production in a closed two-level quantum system as a test of the irreversibility of the dynamics.

Irreversible behavior in open stochastic dynamical systems is quantified by stochastic entropy production, a property that measures the difference in likelihoods of forward and subsequent backward system evolution. But for a closed system, governed by deterministic dynamics, such an approach is not appropriate. Instead, we can consider the difference in likelihoods of forward and "obverse" behavior: the latter being a backward trajectory initiated at the same time as the forward trajectory.

Association between coffee or tea consumption and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with stable coronary artery disease: Analysis from the CLARIFY registry.

Background: Conflicting data exist on the association between consumption of coffee or tea and cardiovascular outcomes, and few focus on patients with established coronary artery disease.

Aim: To describe the association between coffee or tea consumption and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with stable coronary artery disease, using an extensive contemporary international registry, allowing the identification of multiple potential confounders.

Methods: The Prospective Observational Longitudinal Registry of Patients With Stable Coronary Artery Disease (CLARIFY) registry enrolled in 2009 and 2010 in 45 countries, with a 5-year follow-up.