Establishing the volatile organic compound profile and detection capabilities of human remain detection dogs to human bones.

The detection of skeletal remains using human remain detection dogs (HRD) is often reported anecdotally by handlers to be a challenge. Limited studies have been conducted to determine the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from bones, particularly when there is limited organic matter remaining. This study aimed to determine the VOCs emitted from dry, weathered bones and examine the detection performance of HRD dogs on these bones when used as training aids.

Host hepatocyte senescence determines the success of hepatocyte transplantation in a mouse model of liver injury.

Background & Aims: Hepatocyte transplantation has shown promise for genetic diseases of the hepatocytes but to date has shown limited efficacy for non-genetic forms of severe liver injury. Limited cell engraftment and poor function of donor hepatocytes in recipient livers impacts the clinical utility of hepatocyte cell therapy. The mechanisms underpinning this are poorly understood.

Socioeconomic position, alcohol use and alcohol-attributable emergency department visits.

Background: Differential vulnerability to alcohol contributes to socioeconomic inequities in alcohol-attributable harm. This study aimed to estimate the sex-/gender-specific joint effects of socioeconomic position (SEP) and heavy episodic drinking or volume of alcohol use on 100% alcohol-attributable emergency department (ED) visits.

Methods: We conducted a cohort study among 36 900 men and 39 700 women current and former alcohol consumers aged 15-64 from population-representative Canadian Community Health Surveys (2003-2008) linked to administrative ED visit data through 2017 in Ontario and Alberta.

Part II. Common questions and misconceptions about creatine supplementation: what does the scientific evidence really show?

Creatine monohydrate supplementation (CrM) is a safe and effective intervention for improving certain aspects of sport, exercise performance, and health across the lifespan. Despite its evidence-based pedigree, several questions and misconceptions about CrM remain. To initially address some of these concerns, our group published a narrative review in 2021 discussing the scientific evidence as to whether CrM leads to water retention and fat accumulation, is a steroid, causes hair loss, dehydration or muscle cramping, adversely affects renal and liver function, and if CrM is safe and/or effective for children, adolescents, biological females, and older adults.

How do we engage with the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender community in blood donation and research? Reflections from the Assessing Donor Variability and New Concepts in Eligibility study.

Background: The Assessing Donor Variability and New Concepts in Eligibility (ADVANCE) study was a multicenter cross-organizational collaboration to collect data to inform possible changes in blood donor selection criteria for men who have sex with men. Multiple recruitment approaches were used, and these may be applicable to current efforts in LGBTQ+ community engagement to recruit new blood donors.

Methods: Fieldwork for ADVANCE was a partnership between blood collection organizations (BCOs) and LGBTQ+ community organizations.

Macrophage Therapy for Acute Liver Injury (MAIL): a study protocol for a phase 1 randomised, open-label, dose-escalation study to evaluate safety, tolerability and activity of allogeneic alternatively activated macrophages in patients with paracetamol-induced acute liver injury in the UK.

Introduction: Acute liver failure (ALF) has no effective treatment other than liver transplantation and is commonly caused by paracetamol overdose. New treatments are needed to treat and prevent ALF. Alternatively-activated macrophages (AAMs) can promote resolution of liver necrosis and stimulate hepatocyte proliferation.

Organic Matter Composition as a Driver of Soil Bacterial Responses to Pig Carcass Decomposition in a Canadian Continental Climate.

Organic by-products are released into the surrounding soil during the terrestrial decomposition of animal remains. The affected area, known as the Cadaver Decomposition Island (CDI), can undergo biochemical changes that contribute to landscape heterogeneity. Soil bacteria are highly sensitive to labile inputs, but it is unknown how they respond to shifts in dissolved organic matter (DOM) quantity and quality resulting from animal decomposition.

Infants' Social Evaluation of Helpers and Hinderers: A Large-Scale, Multi-Lab, Coordinated Replication Study.

Evaluating whether someone's behavior is praiseworthy or blameworthy is a fundamental human trait. A seminal study by Hamlin and colleagues in 2007 suggested that the ability to form social evaluations based on third-party interactions emerges within the first year of life: infants preferred a character who helped, over hindered, another who tried but failed to climb a hill. This sparked a new line of inquiry into the origins of social evaluations; however, replication attempts have yielded mixed results.

Presence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococci and Carbapenemase-Positive Isolates on Surfaces in German Dog Daycare Facilities and Correlation with Cleaning Practices.

Many bacteria, including methicillin-resistant staphylococci and opportunistic pathogens such as (.) species, in particular members of the - () complex, are known to survive in environmental settings. This increases the risk of bacterial spreading and transmission to animals and humans, especially in institutions with a high animal population density.

Testing alcohol container warning labels among alcohol consumers in the field over a 4-week period: a protocol for a randomized field trial.

Objective: Online and lab-based experiments examining the impact of alcohol labels typically test a one-time exposure to labels and assess short-term, non-behavioural outcomes. These studies do not simulate a real-world label dose or assess actual alcohol use. This pilot aimed to develop a new protocol for testing alcohol labels that better reflects real-world exposure by presenting labels on consumers' own alcohol products over time and assessing effects on several outcomes, including alcohol use.

The emerging role of alternatively activated macrophages to treat acute liver injury.

Acute liver injury (ALI) has a clear requirement for novel therapies. One emerging option is the use of alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs); a distinct subtype of macrophage with a role in liver injury control and repair. In this comprehensive review, we provide an overview of the current limited options for ALI, and the potential advantages offered by AAMs.

Dietary Flavonoids and Lung Cancer: A GRADE-Assessed Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.

Individual observational studies examining the association between polyphenols and the risk of lung cancer have reported mixed findings. Therefore, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the pooled effects between polyphenol intake and lung cancer risk. A systematic search was performed on PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases in April 2023.

Fueling the Firefighter and Tactical Athlete with Creatine: A Narrative Review of a Key Nutrient for Public Safety.

Firefighters, tactical police officers, and warriors often engage in periodic, intermittent, high-intensity physical work in austere environmental conditions and have a heightened risk of premature mortality. In addition, tough decision-making challenges, routine sleep deprivation, and trauma exacerbate this risk. Therefore, identifying strategies to bolster these personnel's health and occupational performance is critical.

Electrical resistivity tomography of simulated graves with buried human and pig remains.

Rigorous field assessment in different soil types and climates comparing simulated graves with pig remains and human remains are needed to assess the capabilities and limitations of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) as a tool to search for unmarked graves. Our study assesses the ERT signals from graves with pig and human remains in a cold, humid continental climate with sandy soils. Two sets of three experimental graves were established: the first set consisted of two graves containing human remains and an empty grave serving as a control, while the second set consisted of two graves with pig remains and a second empty grave.

Combining human liver ECM with topographically featured electrospun scaffolds for engineering hepatic microenvironment.

Liver disease cases are rapidly expanding worldwide, and transplantation remains the only effective cure for end-stage disease. There is an increasing demand for developing potential drug treatments, and regenerative therapies using in-vitro culture platforms. Human decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) is an appealing alternative to conventional animal tissues as it contains human-specific proteins and can serve as scaffolding materials.

Utilising an in silico model to predict outcomes in senescence-driven acute liver injury.

Currently liver transplantation is the only treatment option for liver disease, but organ availability cannot meet patient demand. Alternative regenerative therapies, including cell transplantation, aim to modulate the injured microenvironment from inflammation and scarring towards regeneration. The complexity of the liver injury response makes it challenging to identify suitable therapeutic targets when relying on experimental approaches alone.

Performance of a Novel Electronic Nose for the Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds Relating to Starvation or Human Decomposition Post-Mass Disaster.

There has been a recent increase in the frequency of mass disaster events. Following these events, the rapid location of victims is paramount. Currently, the most reliable search method is scent detection dogs, which use their sense of smell to locate victims accurately and efficiently.

Separation of mycolic acid isomers by cyclic ion mobility-mass spectrometry.

Rationale: Mycobacterial species contain high concentrations of mycolic acids in their cell wall. Mycobacteria can pose a threat to both human health and the environment. Mass spectrometry lipidomic characterization can identify bacterial species and suggest targets for microbiological interventions.