Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Functioning in Adolescents with Klinefelter Syndrome.

Objective: Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is a common genetic condition in males associated with an extra X chromosome (i.e., 47,XXY).

Neuroanatomical alterations in young boys and adolescents with Klinefelter syndrome.

Klinefelter syndrome (KS, 47,XXY) is a common sex chromosome aneuploidy in males that is characterized by pubertal developmental delays and a wide range of alterations in cognitive, social and emotional functioning. The neural bases of these behavioral symptoms, however, are unclear. A total of 130 boys and adolescents, including 67 males with KS (11.

Alterations in cortical and subcortical neuroanatomy and associations with behavior in females with fragile X syndrome.

Aim: To address substantial gaps in the literature on neuroanatomical variations in females with fragile X syndrome (FXS).

Method: Surface-based modeling techniques were applied to the magnetic resonance imaging of 45 females with FXS (mean age = 10 years 9 months, range 6 years-16 years 4 months, SD = 2 years 9 months) and 33 age-matched and developmentally matched females without FXS to elucidate differences in cortical gray matter volume, surface area, and thickness. Gray matter volumes in subcortical regions were examined to ascertain differences in subcortical volume.

Alterations in Neural Activation During Facial Emotion Processing in Adolescent Male Participants With Klinefelter Syndrome.

Objective: Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is the most common sex-chromosome aneuploidy (47,XXY), affecting 1 in 500 male participants. The phenotype of male participants with KS includes both physical features, such as tall stature and testicular insufficiency, and behavioral alterations, including difficulties in social functioning, anxiety, and depression. Studies examining underlying neural alterations associated with the behavioral phenotype, however, are sparse.

Associations between brain network, puberty, and behaviors in boys with Klinefelter syndrome.

Background: Klinefelter syndrome (KS), also referred to as XXY syndrome, is a significant but inadequately studied risk factor for neuropsychiatric disability. Whether alterations in functional brain connectivity or pubertal delays are associated with aberrant cognitive-behavioral outcomes in individuals with KS is largely unknown. In this observational study, we investigated KS-related alterations in the resting-state brain network, testosterone level, and cognitive-behavioral impairment in adolescents with Klinefelter syndrome.

Cognition, Academic Achievement, Adaptive Behavior, and Quality of Life in Child and Adolescent Boys with Klinefelter Syndrome.

Objective: Klinefelter syndrome (KS; 47, XXY), the most common sex chromosome aneuploidy in males, is characterized by testicular failure and testosterone deficiency as well as a variety of cognitive, social, and emotional challenges. In the current study, we aimed to clarify the cognitive-behavioral profile of peripubertal boys with KS using measures of cognition, academic achievement, adaptive behavior, and quality of life.

Method: We compared 47 boys with KS (7-16 years of age) with 55 performance IQ-matched boys without KS on measures of cognition (WISC-V), executive function (BRIEF-2), academic achievement (KTEA-3), adaptive behavior (Vineland-3), and quality of life (PROMIS).

Neural responses to gender-based microaggressions in academic medicine.

Gender-based microaggressions have been associated with persistent disparities between women and men in academia. Little is known about the neural mechanisms underlying those often subtle and unintentional yet detrimental behaviors. Here, we assessed the neural responses to gender-based microaggressions in 28 early career faculty in medicine (N = 16 female, N = 12 male sex) using fMRI.

Executive Dysfunction in Klinefelter Syndrome: Associations With Brain Activation and Testicular Failure.

Context: Executive dysfunction is a well-recognized component of the cognitive phenotype of Klinefelter syndrome (KS), yet the neural basis of KS-associated cognitive weaknesses, and their association with testicular failure is unknown.

Objective: We investigated executive function, brain activation, and pubertal development in adolescents with and without KS.

Methods: Forty-three adolescents with KS (mean age 12.

Adolescent brain development in girls with Turner syndrome.

Turner syndrome (TS) is a common sex chromosome aneuploidy in females associated with various physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional phenotypes. However, few studies have examined TS-associated alterations in the development of cortical gray matter volume and the two components that comprise this measure-surface area and thickness. Moreover, the longitudinal direct (i.

Impact of dysglycemia and obesity on the brain in adolescents with and without type 2 diabetes: A pilot study.

Objective: Both diabetes and obesity can affect the brain, yet their impact is not well characterized in children with type 2 (T2) diabetes and obesity. This pilot study aims to explore differences in brain function and cognition in adolescents with T2 diabetes and obesity and nondiabetic controls with obesity and lean controls.

Research Design And Methods: Participants were 12-17 years old (5 T2 diabetes with obesity [mean HgbA1C 10.

Towards assessing subcortical "deep brain" biomarkers of PTSD with functional near-infrared spectroscopy.

Assessment of brain function with functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is limited to the outer regions of the cortex. Previously, we demonstrated the feasibility of inferring activity in subcortical "deep brain" regions using cortical functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and fNIRS activity in healthy adults. Access to subcortical regions subserving emotion and arousal using affordable and portable fNIRS is likely to be transformative for clinical diagnostic and treatment planning.

A Pilot randomized trial to examine effects of a hybrid closed-loop insulin delivery system on neurodevelopmental and cognitive outcomes in adolescents with type 1 diabetes.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is associated with lower scores on tests of cognitive and neuropsychological function and alterations in brain structure and function in children. This proof-of-concept pilot study (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT03428932) examined whether MRI-derived indices of brain development and function and standardized IQ scores in adolescents with T1D could be improved with better diabetes control using a hybrid closed-loop insulin delivery system.

Cortical gray matter structure in boys with Klinefelter syndrome.

Klinefelter syndrome (KS, 47,XXY) is a common sex chromosome aneuploidy in males that is associated with a wide range of cognitive, social and emotional characteristics. The neural bases of these symptoms, however, are unclear. Brain structure in 19 pre- or early-pubertal boys with KS (11.

Prefrontal cortex and amygdala anatomy in youth with persistent levels of harsh parenting practices and subclinical anxiety symptoms over time during childhood.

Childhood adversity and anxiety have been associated with increased risk for internalizing disorders later in life and with a range of brain structural abnormalities. However, few studies have examined the link between harsh parenting practices and brain anatomy, outside of severe maltreatment or psychopathology. Moreover, to our knowledge, there has been no research on parenting and subclinical anxiety symptoms which remain persistent over time during childhood (i.

Impact of Type 1 Diabetes in the Developing Brain in Children: A Longitudinal Study.

Objective: To assess whether previously observed brain and cognitive differences between children with type 1 diabetes and control subjects without diabetes persist, worsen, or improve as children grow into puberty and whether differences are associated with hyperglycemia.

Research Design And Methods: One hundred forty-four children with type 1 diabetes and 72 age-matched control subjects without diabetes (mean ± SD age at baseline 7.0 ± 1.

Brain Function Differences in Children With Type 1 Diabetes: A Functional MRI Study of Working Memory.

Glucose is a primary fuel source to the brain, yet the influence of dysglycemia on neurodevelopment in children with type 1 diabetes remains unclear. We examined brain activation using functional MRI in 80 children with type 1 diabetes (mean ± SD age 11.5 ± 1.

Early Life Stress, Frontoamygdala Connectivity, and Biological Aging in Adolescence: A Longitudinal Investigation.

Early life stress (ELS) may accelerate frontoamygdala development related to socioemotional processing, serving as a potential source of resilience. Whether this circuit is associated with other proposed measures of accelerated development is unknown. In a sample of young adolescents, we examined the relations among ELS, frontoamygdala circuitry during viewing of emotional faces, cellular aging as measured by telomere shortening, and pubertal tempo.

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy detects increased activation of the brain frontal-parietal network in youth with type 1 diabetes.

When considered as a group, children with type 1 diabetes have subtle cognitive deficits relative to neurotypical controls. However, the neural correlates of these differences remain poorly understood. Using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), we investigated the brain functional activations of young adolescents (19 individuals with type 1 diabetes, 18 healthy controls, ages 8-16 years) during a Go/No-Go response inhibition task.

Androgen treatment effects on hippocampus structure in boys with Klinefelter syndrome.

Klinefelter syndrome (KS, 47,XXY) is the most common sex chromosome aneuploidy in males. A variety of complex clinical needs is associated with KS, including physical, cognitive and psychosocial impairments. Standard treatment for KS consists of androgen replacement therapy in adolescence to offset testosterone deficiency.

Neural correlates of liraglutide effects in persons at risk for Alzheimer's disease.

Unlabelled: Insulin resistance (IR) is a metabolic state preceding development of type 2 diabetes (DM2), cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP) agonist, is an insulin-sensitizing agent with neuroprotective properties, as shown in animal studies. The purpose of this double-blinded, placebo-controlled study was to examine the neural effects of administration of liraglutide in cognitively normal late middle-aged individuals with subjective cognitive complaints (half of subjects had family history of AD).

Neural correlates of top-down regulation and generation of negative affect in major depressive disorder.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by biased information processing that leads to difficulties regulating negative affect, which includes difficulty decreasing negative affect as well as maladaptively increasing negative affect via cognitive processes. To examine the underlying neural correlates, we scanned depressed and never-depressed adults as they completed a cognitive reappraisal task which required decreasing negative affect while viewing a negative image (down-regulation) and increasing negative affect while viewing a neutral image (emotion generation). Compared to control participants, MDD participants had less recruitment of the dorsal anterior cingulate (dACC) and supplementary motor area (SMA) during early phases of down-regulation, the latter associated with poorer negative affect regulation.

Longitudinal assessment of hippocampus structure in children with type 1 diabetes.

The extant literature finds that children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) experience mild cognitive alterations compared to healthy age-matched controls. The neural basis of these cognitive differences is unclear but may relate in part to the effects of dysglycemia on the developing brain. We investigated longitudinal changes in hippocampus volume in young children with early-onset T1D.

Hyperactivation in Cognitive Control and Visual Attention Brain Regions During Emotional Interference in Adolescent Depression.

Background: Individuals with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) are characterized by biases in attention to negative emotional material. While there is evidence that anomalous functioning in frontocingulate regions may underlie these biases, we know little about the neural correlates of negative emotional biases in depressed adolescents.

Methods: Eighteen adolescents diagnosed with MDD and 21 matched healthy control (CTL) adolescents underwent fMRI while performing an emotional distractor task.

Like mother like daughter: putamen activation as a mechanism underlying intergenerational risk for depression.

Having a depressed mother is one of the strongest predictors for developing depression in adolescence. Given the role of aberrant reward processing in the onset and maintenance of depression, we examined the association between mothers' and their daughters' neural response to the anticipation of reward and loss. Fifteen non-depressed mothers with a history of recurrent depression and their never-disordered daughters, and 23 mothers without past or current depression and their never-disordered daughters, underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing the monetary incentive delay task.