A novel antiviral formulation containing caprylic acid inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection of a human bronchial epithelial cell model.

A novel proprietary formulation, ViruSAL, has previously been demonstrated to inhibit diverse enveloped viral infections and . We evaluated the ability of ViruSAL to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2) infectivity using physiologically relevant models of the human bronchial epithelium, to model early infection of the upper respiratory tract. ViruSAL potently inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection of human bronchial epithelial cells cultured as an air-liquid interface (ALI) model, in a concentration- and time-dependent manner.

PXR as a mediator of herb-drug interaction.

Medicinal herbs have been a part of human medicine for thousands of years. The herb-drug interaction is an extension of drug-drug interaction, in which the consumptions of herbs cause alterations in the metabolism of drugs the patients happen to take at the same time. The pregnane X receptor (PXR) has been established as one of the most important transcriptional factors that regulate the expression of phase I enzymes, phase II enzymes, and drug transporters in the xenobiotic responses.

Gnotobiotic Human Colon .

Background: A novel emulsion with efficacy as an agent for eliminating biofilms was selected. The aim of this study was to examine efficacy and effect of a formulation of ML:8 against commensal bacteria harvested from human colonic tissues.

Methods: Mucosal sheets, obtained at the time of surgery, were exposed for 2 minutes to one of four solutions: Krebs-Hensleit (KH) solution, saline (NaCl; 0.

Antimicrobial efficacy of an innovative emulsion of medium chain triglycerides against canine and feline periodontopathogens.

Objectives: To test the in vitro antimicrobial efficacy of a non-toxic emulsion of free fatty acids against clinically relevant canine and feline periodontopathogens

Methods: Antimicrobial kill kinetics were established utilising an alamarBlue(®) viability assay against 10 species of canine and feline periodontopathogens in the biofilm mode of growth at a concentration of 0·125% v/v medium chain triglyceride (ML:8) emulsion. The results were compared with 0·12% v/v chlorhexidine digluconate and a xylitol-containing dental formulation. Mammalian cellular cytotoxicity was also investigated for both the ML:8 emulsion and chlorhexidine digluconate (0·25 to 0·0625% v/v) using in vitro tissue culture techniques.

Use of peer assessment as a student engagement strategy in nurse education.

This paper describes how peer assessment was implemented in an undergraduate nursing program in Ireland to enhance student engagement, and reports students' (n=37) experiences of the process. The process involved second year Bachelor of Nursing Science students developing marking criteria and marking two of their colleagues' assignments anonymously. A qualitative descriptive design using focus group interviews was used to collect data on students' experiences.

Core competencies for research training in the clinical pharmaceutical sciences.

Objective: To identify and apply core competencies for training students enrolled in the clinical pharmaceutical scientist PhD training program at the University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy.

Design: Faculty members reached consensus on the required core competencies for the program and mapped them to curricular and experiential requirements.

Assessment: A rubric was created based on core competencies spanning 8 major categories of proficiency, and competencies of clinical versus traditional PhD training were delineated.

Dysregulation of neurosteroids in obsessive compulsive disorder.

Alterations in hormone concentrations, including adrenocorticotropin, corticotropin releasing hormone, and cortisol have been reported in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfated metabolite, DHEA-S, have not been assessed in patients with OCD. We report 24-h serum DHEA, DHEA-S, and cortisol concentrations in a young man with OCD and 15 healthy young men.

Sublethal concentrations of diverse gold compounds inhibit mammalian cytosolic thioredoxin reductase (TrxR1).

Unlabelled: Thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) reduces thioredoxin (Trx), thereby contributing to cellular redox balance, facilitating the synthesis of deoxy-ribose sugars for DNA synthesis, and regulating redox-sensitive gene expression. Auranofin is a gold compound that potently inhibits TrxR. This inhibition is one suspected mechanism of auranofin's therapeutic benefit in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

Impaired oculomotor response inhibition in children of alcoholics: The role of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Objective: The aim of the project was to determine whether children at high risk for alcohol use disorder (AUD) are impaired at performing oculomotor response inhibition tasks sensitive to detecting prefrontal cortex dysfunction.

Methods: Three antisaccade tasks were administered to 67 10-12-year-old children having fathers with AUD and 12 children whose fathers had no psychiatric disorder.

Results: Children of AUD+ fathers performed similar to children of AUD- fathers on measures of response latency and gain to target.

A novel spectrofluorometric microassay for Streptococcus mutans adherence to hydroxylapatite.

Adherence to the tooth surface by Streptococcus mutans is an important step in initiation of dental caries. Current in vitro methods used to study bacterial adherence are time-consuming and may involve the use of radiolabels. The aim of this study was to develop a more convenient, high-throughput, microtitre-plate assay of bacterial adherence to hydroxylapatite.

Influence of DHEA administration on 24-hour cortisol concentrations.

DHEA is marketed and readily available as a daily nutritional supplement to counteract the effects of aging. The effect of DHEA administration on 24-hour plasma cortisol profiles has not been investigated. In this single-blind placebo-controlled crossover study, the effect of DHEA administration on cortisol concentrations was evaluated in healthy older women and men.

Dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate, and cortisol concentrations in intensive care unit patients.

Study Objective: This purpose of this study was to determine whether severity of illness, as defined by the intensive care unit (ICU) admission APACHE II (updated Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation) score, is correlated with early morning cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and/or dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-S) concentrations.

Design: Early morning concentrations of DHEA, DHEA-S, and cortisol were determined within 24 hrs of admission and compared with admission APACHE II scores.

Setting: Medical (MICU), neurologic (NICU), and surgical (SICU) intensive care units of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center.

Sex differences in the pharmacokinetics of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) after single- and multiple-dose administration in healthy older adults.

The pharmacokinetics of exogenously administered DHEA have not been well characterized despite its increasing use in therapeutic and research investigations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of DHEA and its sulfated metabolite (DHEA-S) after single- and multiple-dose oral administration of DHEA 200 mg. Healthy older adult volunteers (7 women, 6 men) ages 65 to 79 years were studied on five visits separated by 1 week.

Inhibition of caffeine metabolism by estrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of therapeutic estrogen on cytochrome P450 1A2-mediated metabolism in postmenopausal women using caffeine as a model substrate. Twelve healthy postmenopausal women underwent estrogen replacement therapy in the form of estradiol (Estrace). Estradiol was initiated at a dose of 0.

Do alprazolam-induced changes in saccadic eye movement and psychomotor function follow the same time course?

The purpose of this study was to determine whether short-term tolerance develops to GABA-agonist-induced changes in saccadic eye movements (SEMs), and whether the time course for GABA-agonist induced onset and offset of impairment is similar for SEMs and for psychomotor function. An additional goal was to determine whether there are differences in sensitivity between SEMs and psychomotor function. Six healthy volunteers participated in this balanced double-blind, three-way crossover, single-dose study of placebo and two different dosage forms of the GABA-agonist alprazolam: a rapidly absorbed oral 1.

Coadministration of nefazodone and benzodiazepines: I. Pharmacodynamic assessment.

One hundred two healthy men were evaluated in one of three studies conducted to evaluate the coadministration of nefazodone, 200 mg twice daily, and three benzodiazepines: triazolam, 0.25 mg; alprazolam, 1 mg twice daily; or lorazepam, 2 mg twice daily. In the first study, psychomotor performance, memory, and sedation were assessed at 0, 0.

Design and pharmacodynamic evaluation of novel dual release formulations of triazolam.

Triazolam is an effective hypnotic that can cause amnesia and psychomotor performance decrements, particularly after a 0.5 mg dose. Previous pharmacodynamic studies suggested a relationship between these effects and triazolam plasma concentration.

Coming of age in nursing. Rethinking the philosophies behind holism and nursing process.

No one is going to like everything that Kobert and Folan say in this article, but it offers a rich bouquet of ideas for discussion and debate. Are they right to assert that holism and nursing process are incompatible? That nursing process is associated with an immature level of professional development? That holism is the answer for nursing? That holism equates with feminism while nursing process represents a masculine reductionism?