[Sex education for adolescents and adults-Max Hodann (1894-1946) in action].

Up to the 1970s, a cultural battle raged in Germany and Europe about the question of the sense to inform and educate young people about gender, sex, and sexuality. One physician realized early that it is important to educate adults about their bodies and their genital and genitourinary disorders. Max Hodann (1894-1946), thus, unintentionally flooded urological practices with countless patients.

[The Catholic world and urology in the 20th/21st century].

The Catholic world is shaped by papal directives and their interpretation over time by appointed theologians. There are strict prohibitions on key questions about life and death, but in the context of the practical application of medical treatment techniques, the Vatican often remains vague. This may allow Catholic urologists to use a range of therapies that at first glance appear problematic.

[Early origins of a physician specializing in sexual medicine from the urological perspective : Max Marcuse (1877-1963)-"physician for skin and urinary diseases"].

The development of sexual medicine starts in Europe in parallel to the evolving clinical specialties urology, venerology, gynecology, neurology/psychiatry, and internal medicine at the end of the 19th century in Berlin. For this reason, we find many examples of fruitful collaboration but also in segregation from each other in defining the new specialties. Max Marcuse, the only one of the well-known Berlin specialists Ivan Bloch, Magnus Hirschfeld, and Albert Moll to survive the Holocaust, was able to publish articles in Palestine and Israel from the 1930s to the 1960s.

["No discussions about discharge of semen!" : The wild life of the urologist Felix Schlagintweit (1868-1950)].

Felix Schlagintweit worked in a medical clinic, was co-owner of a sanatorium, had a private practice and wrote fictional books. He massively improved diagnostic methods (e.g.

[Gentle hands bring relief. Thure Brandt's massage as a contemporary document and starting aid for urology].

Naturopathy and urology have little overlap in the present day, but in the Victorian era it was genital massage that made it clear to the medical profession that training specialized in diseases of the abdomen was necessary for physicians, otherwise patients would seek out lay healers and not clinics. This massage was developed in the 1850s by the Swedish officer Thure Brandt. It remained part of German medical practice until after World War II.

[For money, faith and honor : Albrecht Notthafft v. Weißenstein's splendor and downfall].

The professionalization of medical specialists and the question of correct ethical behavior in a dynamic world were important topics of discussion in the German Empire. In 1910, the debates within the medical profession culminated in a dispute, which the Munich physician Albrecht Notthafft of Weissenstein started and after which, although his own academic career ended, the necessity of professionalizing medical training was finally acknowledged. At the same time, the debate of 1910 represents the end of aristocratic interference in bourgeois medical affairs.

[Urology, gynecology, and andrology united against infertility? : The careers of Boris Belonoschkin (1906-1988)].

Male arrogance, medical ignorance of anatomy and functioning of the human genitals, and social reservations about sex education have hampered urological and gynecological research since the 1920s. This changed under the premises of National Socialism when some physicians willing to cooperate were given the opportunity to perform human experiments. The gynecologist Boris Belonoschkin was one of them.

[Anal funnels and wonder pills-the dubious market for medical products in the Federal Republic of Germany until 1965].

The Federal Republic of Germany was the last European Country without a drug legislation and a law about drug advertising until the 1960s. Therefore, a broad medical subculture flourished. Various dealers sold drugs and instruments for curing psychosomatic illnesses, especially anti-impotence pills or aids to reduce weight.

[150 years of Magnus Hirschfeld (14 May 1868-14 May 1935) and his influence on urology].

Modern sexology was introduced by the Berlin-based Magnus Hirschfeld, who was born 150 years ago. He revolutionized the physician-patient relationship by introducing new terms of sexual behavior. His theory of "sexual in-betweens" paved the way for new concepts in sexual therapy, including hormonal pills in urological practice.

[The Hygienist Karl Roelcke, M.D. (1907-1982). Annotations to the family biography].

Volker Roelcke, the well-known historian of medicine, wrote a biographical sketch on his father's role in National Socialism. Karl Roelcke (1907-1982) was an important hygienist at the University of Heidelberg and assistant to Ernst Rodenwaldt (1878-1965). Attempts to discuss the Nazi issue with his father directly ended unsuccessfully in the 1970s.

[Anatomist, Anti-Abortionist, Anti-Darwinian. The three lives of Erich Blechschmidt (1904–1992)].

The so called "Blechschmidt-Collection" in Goettingen is internationally presented as a masterpiece of German anatomical and embryological research after 1945. Compiled by anatomist Erich Blechschmidt (1904–1992), the collection's pieces are supposed to be ethically unobjectable. However, the embryos used for the collection have an obscure and dubious history.

[How to dose correctly? An overview of debates in the United States, Great Britain and Germany (1830s to 1970s)].

The dispute over low and high potencies is no longer current in today's homeopathy, but from the 1830s to the 1960s it played a major role in scientific discourse. The devotees of high potencies claimed to be the only true Hahnemannians, while their antagonists tried to practise a scientific, modernized homeopathy. The former ultimately triumphed in Britain, the U.

[Sanatoria for tourists, drugs at home, healers on demand: healing cultures in the Duchy of Gotha (1850-1950)].

Up to 1920 Thuringia was separated into many territories some of which were known for their unorthodox pharmaceutical industries. Gotha was the only famous duchy because one of its princes had married the Queen of England in 1840. The country was backward and the state administration was incapable of solving health issues.

[Position hopeless lost--Heinrich Dreuw's lonely struggle against syphilis and Salvarsan].

The invention of Salvarsan (Triaminotrihydroxy-arsenobenzol) in 1910 meant a revolution in the medical treatment. Chemotherapy was born and its founder Paul Ehrlich is still famous for his experimental work. In medical history mostly successes, not widespread discussions about misuse or failing of the new drug were.

[On the quest for the right way--life and work of Magnus Schmid (1918-1977), historian of medicine].

Magnus Schmid seems to have been an "ordinary historian of medicine" from 1950 to 1977 in Munich and Erlangen. Following his death he became forgotten by his colleagues. But despite the fact, that he did not publish great books, he modernized the subject and was open to new interpretations of history of medicine and to intercultural views on history.

[Outdated doctrine, dead masters, disappeared names. A contribution to the problem of epigones by the example of Uexküll's "Umweltlehre"].

In 1964, the Institute for Environmental Research at the University of Hamburg was abolished finally. So anti-Darwinian biology disappeared from German universities at last. Its founder Jakob von Uexkiill had died in 1944, his biological concepts were proven outdated in the 1940s, too.

[Robert Ziegenspeck (1856-1918), 'Don Quixote' of out-patient gynaecology. Amendment to my essay about Thure Brandt in this Journal, Vol 26].

In 2007 I described a massage method that was developed by the Swedish officer Thure Brandt (1819-1895) and promoted by German physicians, especially Robert Ziegenspeck. But all files about Ziegenspeck seemed to be lost until two of them were rediscovered by chance in 2009. They offer insight into the desperate situation of German gynaecological hospitals in the late 19th century and the consequences for the young reformer Ziegenspeck who wanted to protect women's health against his colleagues' arbitrariness.

[Healing current through a goiter. The life, work and after effects of the magic healer Bruno Gröning].

During the years between 1949 and 1959 the wonder healer Bruno Gröning (1906-1959) gripped the public and medical interest in Germany. He explained to be a descent of Jesus Christ, sending "healing waves" to end diseases and made a lot of money. Finally he was found guilty in letting a persuaded fan dying and was convicted.

[Magnus Hirschfeld and monism: mutual fertilization or exchange of errors?].

When Ernst Haeckel was buried in Jena on February 12th, 1919, some of his supporters and followers were allowed to make speeches. One of them was the sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld, although he had entered the German-Monist-Club only six years after its foundation in 1906. He became one of the most important monists, because he worked in the fields of sexuality and eugenics, and was head of discourse for many years.

Kraepelin and the 'urnings': male homosexuality in psychiatric discourse.

The discourse on male homosexuality--whether it deserved punishment or possible therapies for homosexuals--was significantly shaped by the physician Magnus Hirschfeld between 1900 and 1933. He fought passionately against Section 175 of the Penal Code (Reichsstrafgesetzbuch), which made homosexual acts between men punishable by law. Initially, Emil Kraepelin, the doyen of German psychiatry, and his students did not join in this discourse and only gradually developed their own ideas about homosexuality.

The Beer/Bethe/Uexküll paper (1899) and misinterpretations surrounding 'vitalistic behaviorism'.

In the history of behaviorism the paper of the three physiologists Theodor Beer, Albrecht Bethe and Jakob von Uexküll from 1899 plays an important role. Many researchers were influenced by this paper and identified it as fundamental for objective psychological research. But during the period of its adoption (1900-1925) psychologists did not notice that Beer, Bethe and Uexküll had distanced themselves from their own paper, because it had been ignored in physiological and biological discussions.

[A wanderer between cultures--Reinhold F.G. Mueller (1882-1966) as Indologist and historian of medicine].

Reinhold Mueller has been the one and only historian of medicine in Germany who worked in the field of the Indian history of medicine from the 1920s to the 1960s. He influenced German, American and Indian researchers, but he was nearly forgotten soon after his death. This is the first paper about his life and work to be published.