Performance of a Region of Interest-based Algorithm in Diagnosing International Society of Urological Pathology Grade Group ≥2 Prostate Cancer on the MRI-FIRST Database-CAD-FIRST Study.

Background And Objective: Prostate multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) shows high sensitivity for International Society of Urological Pathology grade group (GG) ≥2 cancers. Many artificial intelligence algorithms have shown promising results in diagnosing clinically significant prostate cancer on MRI. To assess a region-of-interest-based machine-learning algorithm aimed at characterising GG ≥2 prostate cancer on multiparametric MRI.

Prognostic value of programmed death ligand-1 and programmed death-1 expression in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma.

Objective: To evaluate the prognostic value of programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) and programmed death-1 (PD-1) expression in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC).

Patients And Methods: A retrospective multicentre study was conducted in 283 patients with UTUC treated with radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) between 2000 and 2015 at 10 French hospitals. Immunohistochemistry analyses were performed using 2 mm-core tissue microarrays with NAT105® and 28.

Prognostic Impact of pT3 Subclassification in a Multicentre Cohort of Patients with Urothelial Carcinoma of the Renal Pelvicalyceal System Undergoing Radical Nephroureterectomy: A Propensity Score-weighted Analysis After Central Pathology Review.

Background: The current pathological tumour-node-metastasis (pTNM) classification for upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) does not include any risk stratification of pT3 renal pelvicalyceal tumours.

Objective: To assess the prognostic impact of pT3 subclassification in a multicentre cohort of patients with UTUC of the renal pelvicalyceal system undergoing radical nephroureterectomy (RNU).

Design, Setting, And Participants: Data from all consecutive patients treated with RNU for pT3 renal pelvicalyceal UTUC at 14 French centres from 1995 to 2013 were reviewed retrospectively.

Use of prostate systematic and targeted biopsy on the basis of multiparametric MRI in biopsy-naive patients (MRI-FIRST): a prospective, multicentre, paired diagnostic study.

Background: Whether multiparametric MRI improves the detection of clinically significant prostate cancer and avoids the need for systematic biopsy in biopsy-naive patients remains controversial. We aimed to investigate whether using this approach before biopsy would improve detection of clinically significant prostate cancer in biopsy-naive patients.

Methods: In this prospective, multicentre, paired diagnostic study, done at 16 centres in France, we enrolled patients aged 18-75 years with prostate-specific antigen concentrations of 20 ng/mL or less, and with stage T2c or lower prostate cancer.

Characterization of Prostate Cancer with Gleason Score of at Least 7 by Using Quantitative Multiparametric MR Imaging: Validation of a Computer-aided Diagnosis System in Patients Referred for Prostate Biopsy.

Purpose To determine the performance of a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system trained at characterizing cancers in the peripheral zone (PZ) with a Gleason score of at least 7 in patients referred for multiparametric magnetic resonance (MR) imaging before prostate biopsy. Materials and Methods Two institutional review board-approved prospective databases of patients who underwent multiparametric MR imaging before prostatectomy (database 1) or systematic and targeted biopsy (database 2) were retrospectively used. All patients gave informed consent for inclusion in the databases.

Stiffness of benign and malignant prostate tissue measured by shear-wave elastography: a preliminary study.

Objectives: To measure benign and malignant prostate tissue stiffness using shear-wave elastography (SWE).

Methods: Thirty consecutive patients underwent transrectal SWE in the axial and sagittal planes before prostatectomy. After reviewing prostatectomy specimens, two radiologists measured stiffness in regions corresponding to cancers, lateral and median benign peripheral zone (PZ) and benign transition zone (TZ).

Can pre- and postoperative magnetic resonance imaging predict recurrence-free survival after whole-gland high-intensity focused ablation for prostate cancer?

Objectives: Our aim was to assess whether magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features predict recurrence-free survival (RFS) after prostate cancer high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) ablation.

Methods: We retrospectively selected 81 patients who underwent (i) whole-gland HIFU ablation between 2007 and 2011 as first-line therapy or salvage treatment after radiotherapy or brachytherapy, and (ii) pre- and postoperative MRI. On preoperative imaging, two senior (R1, R2) and one junior (R3) readers assessed the number of sectors invaded by the lesion with the highest Likert score (dominant lesion) using a 27-sector diagram.

Quantitative Analysis of Prostate Multiparametric MR Images for Detection of Aggressive Prostate Cancer in the Peripheral Zone: A Multiple Imager Study.

Purpose To assess the intermanufacturer variability of quantitative models in discriminating cancers with a Gleason score of at least 7 among peripheral zone (PZ) lesions seen at 3-T multiparametric magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Materials and Methods An institutional review board-approved prospective database of 257 patients who gave written consent and underwent T2-weighted, diffusion-weighted, and dynamic contrast material-enhanced imaging before prostatectomy was retrospectively reviewed. It contained outlined lesions found to be suspicious for malignancy by two independent radiologists and classified as malignant or benign after correlation with prostatectomy whole-mount specimens.

Low glucose microenvironment of normal kidney cells stabilizes a subset of messengers involved in angiogenesis.

As glucose is a mandatory nutrient for cell proliferation and renewal, it is suspected that glucose microenvironment is sensed by all cell types to regulate angiogenesis. Several glucose-sensing components have been partially described to respond to high glucose levels. However, little is known about the response to low glucose.

How accurate is multiparametric MR imaging in evaluation of prostate cancer volume?

Purpose: To assess the factors influencing multiparametric (MP) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging accuracy in estimating prostate cancer histologic volume (Vh).

Materials And Methods: A prospective database of 202 patients who underwent MP MR imaging before radical prostatectomy was retrospectively used. Institutional review board approval and informed consent were obtained.

p16(INK4a) overexpression is not linked to oncogenic human papillomaviruses in patients with high-grade urothelial cancer cells.

Background: p16(INK4a) Is overexpressed in almost all precancerous and carcinomatous lesions of the uterine cervix, secondary to interference between high-risk human papillomaviruses (hr-HPVs) and the retinoblastoma gene product. Overexpression of p16(INK4a) has also been identified in patients with high-grade urothelial lesions, both cytologically and histologically. However, the etiological role of HPV has not been documented except in inverted papillomas, low-grade bladder tumors, and younger patients.

Characterization of prostate lesions as benign or malignant at multiparametric MR imaging: comparison of three scoring systems in patients treated with radical prostatectomy.

Purpose: To compare the subjective Likert score to the Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PIRADS) and morphology-location-signal intensity (MLS) scores for categorization of prostate lesions as benign or malignant at multiparametric magnetic resonance (MR) imaging.

Materials And Methods: Two hundred fifteen patients who underwent T2-weighted, diffusion-weighted, and dynamic contrast material-enhanced multiparametric MR imaging of the prostate before radical prostatectomy were included in a prospective database after they signed the institutional review board-approved forms. Senior readers 1 and 2 prospectively noted the location, shape, and signal intensity of lesions on MR images from individual pulse sequences and scored each for likelihood of malignancy by using a Likert scale (range, 1-5).

Prostate focal peripheral zone lesions: characterization at multiparametric MR imaging--influence of a computer-aided diagnosis system.

Purpose: To assess the impact of a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system in the characterization of focal prostate lesions at multiparametric magnetic resonance (MR) imaging.

Materials And Methods: Formal institutional review board approval was not required. Thirty consecutive 1.

p16 INK4a overexpression and p16/Ki-67 dual labeling versus conventional urinary cytology in the evaluation of urothelial carcinoma.

Background: Taking into consideration the known overexpression of p16(INK4a) in histologically demonstrated high-grade urothelial malignancies, the objective of the current study was to examine the value of p16(INK4a) overexpression and of p16/Ki-67 dual labeling versus urinary cytology in the detection of urothelial lesions.

Methods: Immunolabeling was performed on demounted and destained Papanicolaou slides after liquid-based ThinPrep processing. Actual diagnoses were ascertained by cystoscopy controls and histopathology.

Hybrid oncocytic/chromophobe renal cell tumours do not display genomic features of chromophobe renal cell carcinomas.

Hybrid oncocytic/chromophobe tumours (HOCT) are renal tumours recently described displaying histological features of both renal oncocytoma (RO) and chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (ChRCC), raising the question of their precise signification in the RO/ChRCC group. This study aimed to describe clinicopathological features of so called HOCT and to characterise their genomic profile. Five hundred and eighty-three tumours belonging to the ChRCC/RO group were retrospectively reviewed.

Whole-gland ablation of localized prostate cancer with high-intensity focused ultrasound: oncologic outcomes and morbidity in 1002 patients.

Background: High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is a nonsurgical therapy for selected patients with localized prostate cancer (PCa).

Objective: The long-term oncologic and morbidity outcomes of primary HIFU therapy for localized PCa were evaluated in a prospective, single-arm, single-institution cohort study.

Design, Setting, And Participants: Participants were patients treated with HIFU for localized PCa from 1997 to 2009.

Prostate cancer diagnosis: multiparametric MR-targeted biopsy with cognitive and transrectal US-MR fusion guidance versus systematic biopsy--prospective multicenter study.

Purpose: To compare biopsy performance of two approaches for multiparametric magnetic resonance (MR)-targeted biopsy (TB) with that of extended systematic biopsy (SB) in prostate cancer (PCa) detection.

Materials And Methods: This institutional review board-approved multicenter prospective study (May 2009 to January 2011) included 95 patients with informed consent who were suspected of having PCa, with a suspicious abnormality (target) at prebiopsy MR. Patients underwent 12-core SB and four-core TB with transrectal ultrasonographic (US) guidance, with two cores aimed visually (cognitive TB [TB-COG]) and two cores aimed using transrectal US-MR fusion software (fusion-guided TB [TB-FUS]).

Robust alignment of prostate histology slices with quantified accuracy.

No current imaging technique is capable of detecting with precision tumors in the prostate. To evaluate each technique, the histology data must be precisely mapped to the imaged data. As the histology slices cannot be assumed to be cut along the same plane as the imaged data were acquired, the registration must be considered as a 3-D problem.

Locally recurrent prostate cancer after initial radiation therapy: early salvage high-intensity focused ultrasound improves oncologic outcomes.

Purpose: To evaluate pre-operative prognostic risk factors to predict oncologic outcome of Salvage High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (S-HIFU) for radiorecurrent prostate cancer (PCa).

Methods And Materials: A total of 290 men with biopsy-confirmed locally radiorecurrent PCa, underwent S-HIFU. D'Amico risk group before external beam radiotherapy (EBRT), Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA), estimated Gleason score prior HIFU and post HIFU biopsies were analyzed for predictive utility of local cancer control, cancer-specific, metastasis free, and progression free survival rates (PFSR).

Computer-aided diagnosis of prostate cancer in the peripheral zone using multiparametric MRI.

This study evaluated a computer-assisted diagnosis (CADx) system for determining a likelihood measure of prostate cancer presence in the peripheral zone (PZ) based on multiparametric magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, including T2-weighted, diffusion-weighted and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI at 1.5 T. Based on a feature set derived from grey-level images, including first-order statistics, Haralick features, gradient features, semi-quantitative and quantitative (pharmacokinetic modelling) dynamic parameters, four kinds of classifiers were trained and compared: nonlinear support vector machine (SVM), linear discriminant analysis, k-nearest neighbours and naïve Bayes classifiers.

Is it possible to model the risk of malignancy of focal abnormalities found at prostate multiparametric MRI?

Objective: To evaluate whether focal abnormalities (FAs) depicted by prostate MRI could be characterised using simple semiological features.

Methods: 134 patients who underwent T2-weighted, diffusion-weighted and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI at 1.5 T before prostate biopsy were prospectively included.