Background: Congenital esophageal stenosis (CES) is a rare condition frequently associated with esophageal atresia (EA). There are limited data from small series about the presentation, treatment, and outcomes of CES.
Methods: Medical records of all patients with CES included in the French Network on Esophageal Malformations and Congenital Diseases were reviewed retrospectively with regard to diagnosis, treatment, and outcome.
Background: Androgens are critical in male external genital development. Alterations in the androgen sensitivity pathway have been identified in severely undermasculinized boys, and mutations of the androgen receptor gene (AR) are usually found in partial or complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS).
Objective: The aim of this study was to determine whether even the most minor forms of isolated hypospadias are associated with AR mutations and thus whether all types of hypospadias warrant molecular analysis of the AR.