Almajiri health; a scoping review on disease, health literacy and space for participatory research.

Introduction: Almajirai are male children in Northern Nigeria and Southern Niger who study Islam in the almajiranci system. Almajiranci has been associated with non-participation in formal education, abuse, poverty, and underdevelopment. However, the peer-reviewed literature around health among almajirai remains limited.

Provider-identified barriers to performance at seven Nigerian accident & emergency units: A cross-sectional study.

Background: Nigeria hosts much of Africa's morbidity and mortality from emergency medical conditions. We surveyed providers at seven Nigerian Accident & Emergency (A&E) units about (i) their unit's ability to manage six major types of emergency medical condition (sentinel conditions) and (ii) barriers to performing key functions (signal functions) to manage sentinel conditions. Here, we present our analysis of provider-reported barriers to signal function performance.

Discharging the medial knee compartment: comparison of pressure distribution and kinematic shifting after implantation of an extra-capsular absorber system (ATLAS) and open-wedge high tibial osteotomy-a biomechanical in vitro analysis.

Purpose: Young and active patients suffering early degenerative changes of the medial compartment with an underlying straight-leg axis do face a therapeutical gap as unloading of the medial compartment cannot be achieved by high tibial osteotomy. Extracapsular absorbing implants were developed to close this existing therapeutical gap. Purpose of the present cadaveric biomechanical study was to compare the unloading effect of the knee joint after implantation of an extra-articular absorber system (ATLAS) in comparison to open-wedge high tibial osteotomy (OW-HTO) under physiological conditions.

Higher intensive care unit consultations for COVID-19 patients living with HIV compared to those without HIV coinfection in Uganda.

Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is the leading cause of death worldwide from a single infectious agent. Whether or not HIV infection affects clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19 remains inconclusive. This study aimed to compare the clinical outcomes of people living with HIV (PLWH) and non-HIV-infected patients hospitalized during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Uganda.

High Mortality During the Second Wave of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic in Uganda: Experience From a National Referral COVID-19 Treatment Unit.

Background: We evaluated clinical outcomes of patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the second wave of the pandemic in a national COVID-19 treatment unit (CTU) in Uganda.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of COVID-19 patients hospitalized at the Mulago National Referral Hospital CTU between May 1 and July 11, 2021. We performed Kaplan-Meier analysis to evaluate all-cause in-hospital mortality.

CCR2 Deficiency Impairs Ly6C and Ly6C Monocyte Responses in Infection.

, the causative agent of scrub typhus, is a neglected, obligate intracellular bacterium that has a prominent tropism for monocytes and macrophages. Complications often involve the lung, where interstitial pneumonia is a typical finding. The severity of scrub typhus in humans has been linked to altered plasma concentrations of chemokines which are known to act as chemoattractants for myeloid cells.

Combating Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria by Integrating a Novel Target Site Penetration and Receptor Binding Assay Platform Into Translational Modeling.

Multidrug-resistant bacteria are causing a serious global health crisis. A dramatic decline in antibiotic discovery and development investment by pharmaceutical industry over the last decades has slowed the adoption of new technologies. It is imperative that we create new mechanistic insights based on latest technologies, and use translational strategies to optimize patient therapy.

The Biology of Anastomotic Healing-the Unknown Overwhelms the Known.

Background: Anastomotic complications are among the most devastating consequences of gastrointestinal surgery. Despite its high morbidity, the factors responsible for anastomotic regeneration following surgical construction remain poorly understood. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the typical and atypical factors that have been implicated in anastomotic healing.

High tibial osteotomy increases patellofemoral pressure if adverted proximal, while open-wedge HTO with distal biplanar osteotomy discharges the patellofemoral joint: different open-wedge high tibial osteotomies compared to an extra-articular unloading device.

Purpose: Valgus high tibial osteotomy (HTO) and a recently introduced extra-articular absorber have been shown to efficiently unload the medial compartment of the knee. However, only little is known about the influence of these treatment modalities on biomechanics of the patellofemoral joint. The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the impact of different HTO techniques and implantation of an extra-articular absorber on patellofemoral contact forces.

The Economics of Private Practice versus Academia in Surgery.

Objective: Residents often make career decisions regarding future practice without adequate knowledge to the realities of professional life. Currently there is a paucity of data regarding economic differences between practice models. This study seeks to illuminate the financial differences of surgical subspecialties between academic and private practice.

Evaluation of the Elecsys Chagas Assay for Detection of Trypanosoma cruzi-Specific Antibodies in a Multicenter Study in Europe and Latin America.

Serology is the preferred method to confirm a Chagas disease diagnosis and to screen blood donors. A battery of assays is often required due to the limited accuracy of single assays. The Elecsys Chagas assay is a newly developed, double-antigen sandwich assay for use on the Elecsys and cobas e immunoassay analyzers, intended to identify individuals infected with , for diagnosis and screening.

Orientia tsutsugamushi Is Highly Susceptible to the RNA Polymerase Switch Region Inhibitor Corallopyronin A and .

Scrub typhus is a potentially lethal infection caused by the obligate intracellular bacterium Reports on the emergence of doxycycline-resistant strains highlight the urgent need to develop novel antiinfectives against scrub typhus. Corallopyronin A (CorA) is a novel α-pyrone compound synthesized by the myxobacterium that was characterized as a noncompetitive inhibitor of the switch region of the bacterial RNA polymerase (RNAP). We investigated the antimicrobial action of CorA against the human-pathogenic Karp strain of and The MIC of CorA against was remarkably low (0.

The Economics of Academic Advancement Within Surgery.

Background: The success of an academic surgeon's career is often viewed as directly related to academic appointment; therefore, the sequence of promotion is a demanding, rigorous process. This paper seeks to define the financial implication of academic advancement across different surgical subspecialties.

Study Design: Data was collected from the Association of American Medical College's 2015 report of average annual salaries.

Dual Src Kinase/Pretubulin Inhibitor KX-01, Sensitizes ERα-negative Breast Cancers to Tamoxifen through ERα Reexpression.

Unlike breast cancer that is positive for estrogen receptor-α (ERα), there are no targeted therapies for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). ERα is silenced in TNBC through epigenetic changes including DNA methylation and histone acetylation. Restoring ERα expression in TNBC may sensitize patients to endocrine therapy.

Is it All About the Money? Not All Surgical Subspecialization Leads to Higher Lifetime Revenue when Compared to General Surgery.

Objective: It is believed that spending additional years gaining expertise in surgical subspecialization leads to higher lifetime revenue. Literature shows that more surgeons are pursuing fellowship training and dedicated research years; however, there are no data looking at the aggregate economic impact when training time is accounted for. It is hypothesized that there will be a discrepancy in lifetime income when delay to practice is considered.

GFPuv-Expressing Recombinant Rickettsia typhi: a Useful Tool for the Study of Pathogenesis and CD8 T Cell Immunology in R. typhi Infection.

is the causative agent of endemic typhus, a disease with increasing incidence worldwide that can be fatal. Because of its obligate intracellular life style, genetic manipulation of the pathogen is difficult. Nonetheless, in recent years, genetic manipulation tools have been successfully applied to rickettsiae.

Multiple cytokines for the detection of infection in children with tuberculosis.

Setting: Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) release assays (IGRAs) play an important role in the diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. However, in children with tuberculosis (TB), some studies have shown increased frequencies of false-negative or indeterminate IGRA results.

Objective: To analyse the spectrum of different cytokines to improve the diagnostic accuracy of IGRAs in latent tuberculous infection (LTBI) and active TB.

Cytotoxic effector functions of T cells are not required for protective immunity against fatal Rickettsia typhi infection in a murine model of infection: Role of TH1 and TH17 cytokines in protection and pathology.

Endemic typhus caused by Rickettsia (R.) typhi is an emerging febrile disease that can be fatal due to multiple organ pathology. Here we analyzed the requirements for protection against R.

CD4+ T Cells Are as Protective as CD8+ T Cells against Rickettsia typhi Infection by Activating Macrophage Bactericidal Activity.

Rickettsia typhi is an intracellular bacterium that causes endemic typhus, a febrile disease that can be fatal due to complications including pneumonia, hepatitis and meningoencephalitis, the latter being a regular outcome in T and B cell-deficient C57BL/6 RAG1-/- mice upon Rickettsia typhi infection. Here, we show that CD4+ TH1 cells that are generated in C57BL/6 mice upon R. typhi infection are as protective as cytotoxic CD8+ T cells.

Comparison of the efficiency of an extra-articular absorber system and high tibial osteotomy for unloading the medial knee compartment: an in vitro study.

Purpose: The unloading effect of an extra-articular absorber system on the knee joint medial compartment was compared with high tibial osteotomy (HTO) under physiological conditions in vitro.

Methods: Seven fresh-frozen cadaveric knees were used to test isokinetic flexion-extension motions under physiological loading using a biomechanical knee simulator. Tibiofemoral area contact and peak contact pressures were measured using pressure-sensitive film in the untreated medial compartment.

Toll-Like Receptor 2 Recognizes Orientia tsutsugamushi and Increases Susceptibility to Murine Experimental Scrub Typhus.

Scrub typhus is a potentially lethal infection that is caused by the obligate intracellular bacterium Orientia tsutsugamushi The roles of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 in innate recognition of O. tsutsugamushi have not been elucidated. By overexpression of TLR2 or TLR4 in HEK293 cells, we demonstrated that TLR2, but not TLR4, recognizes heat-stable compounds of O.