Brain structural connectomic topology predicts medication response in youth with bipolar disorder: A randomized clinical trial.

Background: Response to pharmacotherapy varies considerably among youths with bipolar disorder (BD) and is poorly predicted by clinical or demographic features. It can take several weeks to determine whether medication for BD is clinically effective. Although neuroimaging biomarkers are promising predictors, few studies examined the predictive value of the brain connectomic topology.

The Use of Prophylactic Ketamine to Mitigate Postoperative Depressive Symptoms: A Systematic Review.

Purpose: Depression is predicted to be the leading burden of disease worldwide by 2030 with a prevalence of 10% to 60% in the surgical population. Depressive symptoms in the perioperative population are associated with a myriad of grave complications, including higher morbidity and mortality. This systematic review aims to determine whether a single dose of intravenous ketamine can be used prophylactically as a routine resilience-enhancing agent in all high-risk adult patients undergoing surgery to mitigate depressive symptoms postoperatively by appraising evidence of existing literature.

Deciphering the chemical language of inbred and wild mouse conspecific scents.

In most mammals, conspecific chemosensory communication relies on semiochemical release within complex bodily secretions and subsequent stimulus detection by the vomeronasal organ (VNO). Urine, a rich source of ethologically relevant chemosignals, conveys detailed information about sex, social hierarchy, health, and reproductive state, which becomes accessible to a conspecific via vomeronasal sampling. So far, however, numerous aspects of social chemosignaling along the vomeronasal pathway remain unclear.

A revised conceptual framework for mouse vomeronasal pumping and stimulus sampling.

The physiological performance of any sensory organ is determined by its anatomy and physical properties. Consequently, complex sensory structures with elaborate features have evolved to optimize stimulus detection. Understanding these structures and their physical nature forms the basis for mechanistic insights into sensory function.

Effect of non-invasive spinal cord stimulation in unmedicated adults with major depressive disorder: a pilot randomized controlled trial and induced current flow pattern.

Converging theoretical frameworks suggest a role and a therapeutic potential for spinal interoceptive pathways in major depressive disorder (MDD). Here, we aimed to evaluate the antidepressant effects and tolerability of transcutaneous spinal direct current stimulation (tsDCS) in MDD. This was a double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled, parallel group, pilot clinical trial in unmedicated adults with moderate MDD.

Brain network structural connectome abnormalities among youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder at varying risk for bipolar I disorder: a cross-sectional graph-based magnetic resonance imaging study.

Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is highly prevalent among youth with or at familial risk for bipolar-I disorder (BD-I), and ADHD symptoms commonly precede and may increase the risk for BD-I; however, associated neuropathophysiological mechanisms are not known. In this cross-sectional study, we sought to investigate brain structural network topology among youth with ADHD, with and without familial risk of BD-I.

Methods: We recruited 3 groups of psychostimulant-free youth (aged 10-18 yr), namely youth with ADHD and at least 1 biological parent or sibling with BD-I (high-risk group), youth with ADHD who did not have a first- or second-degree relative with a mood or psychotic disorder (low-risk group) and healthy controls.

Different brain functional network abnormalities between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder youth with and without familial risk for bipolar disorder.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) commonly precedes the initial onset of mania in youth with familial risk for bipolar disorder (BD). Although ADHD youth with and without BD familial risk exhibit different clinical features, associated neuropathophysiological mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study aimed to identify brain functional network abnormalities associated with ADHD in youth with and without familial risk for BD.

Morphological abnormalities in youth with bipolar disorder and their relationship to clinical characteristics.

Objectives: To characterize the neuroanatomy of BD in youth and its correlation to clinical characteristics.

Methods: The current study includes a sample of 105 unmedicated youth with first-episode BD, aged between 10.1 and 17.

Neurocognitive predictors of adherence to an online pain self-management program adjunct to long-term opioid therapy.

Introduction: While pain self-management programs can significantly improve patient outcomes, poor adherence is common and the need for research on predictors of adherence has been noted. A potential, but commonly overlooked, predictor is cognitive function. Our aim, then, was to examine the relative influence of various cognitive functional domains on engagement with an online pain self-management program.

Regional microstructural differences in ADHD youth with and without a family history of bipolar I disorder.

Background: Having a first-degree relative with bipolar I disorder (BD) in conjunction with prodromal attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may represent a unique phenotype that confers greater risk for developing BD than ADHD alone. However, underlying neuropathoetiological mechanisms remain poorly understood. This cross-sectional study compared regional microstructure in psychostimulant-free ADHD youth with ('high-risk', HR) and without ('low-risk', LR) a first-degree relative with BD, and healthy controls (HC).

Brain functional activation and first mood episode in youth at risk for bipolar disorder.

Background: In order to identify biomarkers of prodromal mood disorders, we examined functional brain activation in children and adolescent at familial risk for bipolar disorder.

Methods: Offspring of parents with bipolar I disorder (at-risk youth; N = 115, mean ± SD age: 13.6 ± 2.

Discovery of Potent and Selective Dual Leucine Zipper Kinase/Leucine Zipper-Bearing Kinase Inhibitors with Neuroprotective Properties in In Vitro and In Vivo Models of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.

Dual leucine zipper kinase (DLK) and leucine zipper-bearing kinase (LZK) are regulators of neuronal degeneration and axon growth. Therefore, there is a considerable interest in developing DLK/LZK inhibitors for neurodegenerative diseases. Herein, we use ligand- and structure-based drug design approaches for identifying novel amino-pyrazine inhibitors of DLK/LZK.

Effects of short-term quetiapine and lithium therapy for acute manic or mixed episodes on the limbic system and emotion regulation circuitry in youth with bipolar disorder.

Disruptions in the limbic system, and in emotion regulation circuitry that supports affect modulation, have been reported during acute manic episodes of bipolar disorder (BD). The impact of pharmacological treatment on these deficits, especially in youth, remains poorly characterized. 107 youths with acute manic or mixed episodes of bipolar I disorder and 60 group-matched healthy controls were recruited.

New insights on growth trajectory in infants with complex congenital heart disease.

Purpose: We aimed to describe the weight-for-age Z-score growth trajectory (WAZ-GT) of infants with complex congenital heart disease (cCHD) after neonatal cardiac surgery in the first 4 months of life and assess potential risk factors.

Methods: We utilized data from a previously reported trial of the REACH telehealth home monitoring (NCT01941667) program which evaluated 178 infants with cCHD from 2012 to 2017. Over the first 4 months of life, weekly infant weights were converted to WAZ.

Changes in the structural brain connectome over the course of a nonrandomized clinical trial for acute mania.

Unlabelled: Disrupted topological organization of brain functional networks has been widely reported in bipolar disorder. However, the potential clinical implications of structural connectome abnormalities have not been systematically investigated. The present study included 109 unmedicated subjects with acute mania who were assigned to 8 weeks of treatment with quetiapine or lithium and 60 healthy controls.

Brain morphometric features predict medication response in youth with bipolar disorder: a prospective randomized clinical trial.

Background: Identification of treatment-specific predictors of drug therapies for bipolar disorder (BD) is important because only about half of individuals respond to any specific medication. However, medication response in pediatric BD is variable and not well predicted by clinical characteristics.

Methods: A total of 121 youth with early course BD (acute manic/mixed episode) were prospectively recruited and randomized to 6 weeks of double-blind treatment with quetiapine ( = 71) or lithium ( = 50).

Estimation of Health and Economic Benefits of a Small Automatic External Defibrillator for Rapid Treatment of Sudden Cardiac Arrest (SMART): A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis.

Background: Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) occurs in 0.4% of the general population and up to 6% or more of at-risk groups each year. Early CPR and defibrillation improves SCA outcomes but access to automatic external defibrillators (AEDs) remains limited.

Pretreatment Alterations and Acute Medication Treatment Effects on Brain Task-Related Functional Connectivity in Youth With Bipolar Disorder: A Neuroimaging Randomized Clinical Trial.

Objective: Disruptions in cognition are a clinically significant feature of bipolar disorder (BD). The effects of different treatments on these deficits and the brain systems that support them remain to be established.

Method: A continuous performance test was administered to 55 healthy controls and 71 acutely ill youths with mixed/manic BD to assess vigilance and working memory during task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging studies.

Sparser and Less Efficient Hippocampal-Prefrontal Projections account for Developmental Network Dysfunction in a Model of Psychiatric Risk Mediated by Gene-Environment Interaction.

Precise information flow from the hippocampus (HP) to prefrontal cortex (PFC) emerges during early development and accounts for cognitive processing throughout life. On flip side, this flow is selectively impaired in mental illness. In mouse models of psychiatric risk mediated by gene-environment interaction (GE), the prefrontal-hippocampal coupling is disrupted already shortly after birth.

Ventral striatal islands of Calleja neurons control grooming in mice.

The striatum comprises multiple subdivisions and neural circuits that differentially control motor output. The islands of Calleja (IC) contain clusters of densely packed granule cells situated in the ventral striatum, predominantly in the olfactory tubercle (OT). Characterized by expression of the D3 dopamine receptor, the IC are evolutionally conserved, but have undefined functions.

TMEM16A and TMEM16B Modulate Pheromone-Evoked Action Potential Firing in Mouse Vomeronasal Sensory Neurons.

The mouse vomeronasal system controls several social behaviors. Pheromones and other social cues are detected by sensory neurons in the vomeronasal organ (VNO). Stimuli activate a transduction cascade that leads to membrane potential depolarization, increase in cytosolic Ca level, and increased firing.

Changes in the brain structural connectome after a prospective randomized clinical trial of lithium and quetiapine treatment in youth with bipolar disorder.

The goals of the current study were to determine whether topological organization of brain structural networks is altered in youth with bipolar disorder, whether such alterations predict treatment outcomes, and whether they are normalized by treatment. Youth with bipolar disorder were randomized to double-blind treatment with quetiapine or lithium and assessed weekly. High-resolution MRI images were collected from children and adolescents with bipolar disorder who were experiencing a mixed or manic episode (n = 100) and healthy youth (n = 63).

ATP activation of peritubular cells drives testicular sperm transport.

Spermatogenesis, the complex process of male germ cell proliferation, differentiation, and maturation, is the basis of male fertility. In the seminiferous tubules of the testes, spermatozoa are constantly generated from spermatogonial stem cells through a stereotyped sequence of mitotic and meiotic divisions. The basic physiological principles, however, that control both maturation and luminal transport of the still immotile spermatozoa within the seminiferous tubules remain poorly, if at all, defined.