Activation Pathways of Murine Macrophages by Lipophosphoglycan from Strains of (FV1 and LV39).

Lipophosphoglycan (LPG) is an important virulence factor. It is the most abundant surface glycoconjugate in promastigotes, playing an important role in the interaction with phagocytic cells. While LPG is known to modulate the macrophage immune response during infection, the activation mechanisms triggered by this glycoconjugate have not been fully elucidated.

Leishmanicidal and immunomodulatory properties of Brazilian green propolis extract (EPP-AF) and a gel formulation in a pre-clinical model.

Leishmaniasis is a widespread group of neglected vector-borne tropical diseases that possess serious therapeutic limitations. Propolis has been extensively used in traditional medical applications due to its range of biological effects, including activity against infectious agents. Here we evaluated the leishmanicidal and immunomodulatory properties of Brazilian green propolis extract (EPP-AF) and a gel formulation incorporating EPP-AF, in both and models of infection.

Gene Duplication in : A Case for CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing.

On the surface of the promastigote, phosphoglycans (PG) such as lipophosphoglycan (LPG), proteophosphoglycan (PPG), free phosphoglycan polymers (PGs), and acid phosphatases (sAP), are dominant and contribute to the invasion and survival of within the host cell by modulating macrophage signaling and intracellular trafficking. Phosphoglycan synthesis depends on the Golgi GDP-mannose transporter encoded by the gene. Aiming to investigate the role of PG-containing molecules in infection process, herein we describe the generation and characterization of -deficient parasites.

Leishmania infantum lipophosphoglycan induced-Prostaglandin E production in association with PPAR-γ expression via activation of Toll like receptors-1 and 2.

Lipophosphoglycan (LPG) is a key virulence factor expressed on the surfaces of Leishmania promastigotes. Although LPG is known to activate macrophages, the underlying mechanisms resulting in the production of prostaglandin E (PGE) via signaling pathways remain unknown. Here, the inflammatory response arising from stimulation by Leishmania infantum LPG and/or its lipid and glycan motifs was evaluated with regard to PGE induction.