What happens when Schwann cells are exposed to - A systematic review.

, the pathogen that causes human leprosy, has a unique affinity for infecting and persisting inside Schwann cells, the principal glia of the peripheral nervous system. Several studies have focused on this intricate host-pathogen interaction as an attempt to advance the current knowledge of the mechanisms governing nerve destruction and disease progression. However, during the chronic course of leprosy neuropathy, Schwann cells can respond to and internalize both live and dead and bacilli-derived antigens, and this may result in divergent cellular pathobiological responses.

Mycobacterium leprae is able to infect adipocytes, inducing lipolysis and modulating the immune response.

Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by the intracellular bacillus Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae), which is known to infect skin macrophages and Schwann cells. Although adipose tissue is a recognized site of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, its role in the histopathology of leprosy was, until now, unknown.

Evidencing leprosy neuronal inflammation by 18-Fluoro-deoxy-glucose.

Background: Leprosy is caused by multiple interactions between Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae) and the host's peripheral nerve cells. M.

Allele-dependent interaction of LRRK2 and NOD2 in leprosy.

Leprosy, caused by Mycobacterium leprae, rarely affects children younger than 5 years. Here, we studied a multiplex leprosy family that included monozygotic twins aged 22 months suffering from paucibacillary leprosy. Whole genome sequencing identified three amino acid mutations previously associated with Crohn's disease and Parkinson's disease as candidate variants for early onset leprosy: LRRK2 N551K, R1398H and NOD2 R702W.

Phenolic glycolipid-1 of Mycobacterium leprae is involved in human Schwann cell line ST8814 neurotoxic phenotype.

Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae infection in Schwann cells. Axonopathy is considered a hallmark of leprosy neuropathy and is associated with the irreversible motor and sensory loss seen in infected patients. Although M.

Heterogeneous persistence of Mycobacterium leprae in oral and nasal mucosa of multibacillary patients during multidrug therapy.

Background: Leprosy is curable by multidrug therapy (MDT) treatment regimen ranging from six to 12 months. The variable levels of tolerance and adherence among patients can, however, result in treatment failure and the emergence of drug-resistant strains.

Objectives: Describe the impact of MDT over Mycobacterium leprae viability in patient's oral and nasal mucosa along treatment.

Modulation of the Response to and Pathogenesis of Leprosy.

The initial infection by the obligate intracellular bacillus evolves to leprosy in a small subset of the infected individuals. Transmission is believed to occur mainly by exposure to bacilli present in aerosols expelled by infected individuals with high bacillary load. -specific DNA has been detected in the blood of asymptomatic household contacts of leprosy patients years before active disease onset, suggesting that, following infection, the bacterium reaches the lymphatic drainage and the blood of at least some individuals.

Involvement of political and socio-economic factors in the spatial and temporal dynamics of COVID-19 outcomes in Brazil: A population-based study.

Background: Brazil has been severely impacted by COVID-19 pandemics that is aggravated by the absence of a scientifically-driven coordinated informative campaign and the interference in public health management, which ultimately affected health measures to avoid SARS-CoV2 spread. The decentralization and resultant conflicts in disease control activities produced different protection behaviours and local government measures. In the present study, we investigated how political partisanship and socio-economic factors determined the outcome of COVID-19 at the local level in Brazil.

Presence of Senescent and Memory CD8+ Leukocytes as Immunocenescence Markers in Skin Lesions of Elderly Leprosy Patients.

Leprosy is an infectious disease that remains endemic in approximately 100 developing countries, where about 200,000 new cases are diagnosed each year. Moreover, multibacillary leprosy, the most contagious form of the disease, has been detected at continuously higher rates among Brazilian elderly people. Due to the so-called immunosenescence, characterized by several alterations in the quality of the immune response during aging, this group is more susceptible to infectious diseases.

Increased oxidative stress in elderly leprosy patients is related to age but not to bacillary load.

Background: Leprosy continues to be a public health problem in Brazil. Furthermore, detection rates in elderly people have increased, particularly those of multibacillary (L-Lep) patients, who are responsible for transmitting M. leprae.

Cross-reactivity and immunotherapeutic potential of BamA recombinant protein from Acinetobacter baumannii.

Acinetobacter baumannii is an important nosocomial pathogen. BamA is a protein that belongs to a complex responsible for organizing the proteins on the bacterial outer membrane. In this work, we aimed to evaluate murine immune responses to BamA recombinant protein (rAbBamA) from A.

A physiologic overview of the organ-specific transcriptome of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus.

To further obtain insights into the Rhipicephalus microplus transcriptome, we used RNA-seq to carry out a study of expression in (i) embryos; (ii) ovaries from partially and fully engorged females; (iii) salivary glands from partially engorged females; (iv) fat body from partially and fully engorged females; and (v) digestive cells from partially, and (vi) fully engorged females. We obtained > 500 million Illumina reads which were assembled de novo, producing > 190,000 contigs, identifying 18,857 coding sequences (CDS). Reads from each library were mapped back into the assembled transcriptome giving a view of gene expression in different tissues.

Effect of Mycobacterium leprae on neurotrophins expression in human Schwann cells and mouse sciatic nerves.

Background: Although Mycobacterium leprae (ML) is well characterised as the causative agent of leprosy, the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying peripheral nerve damage still need further understanding. In vitro and in vivo studies have yielded insights into molecular mechanisms of ML interaction with Schwann cells (SC), indicating the regulation of genes and proteins crucial to neural plasticity.

Objectives: We aimed to investigate the effect of ML on neurotrophins expression in human SC (hSC) and mice sciatic nerves to better understand their role in leprosy neuropathy, and aiming to contribute to future therapeutic approaches.

New insights into the pathogenesis of leprosy: contribution of subversion of host cell metabolism to bacterial persistence, disease progression, and transmission.

Chronic infection by the obligate intracellular pathogen may lead to the development of leprosy. Of note, in the lepromatous clinical form of the disease, failure of the immune system to constrain infection allows the pathogen to reproduce to very high numbers with minimal clinical signs, favoring transmission. The bacillus can modulate cellular metabolism to support its survival, and these changes directly influence immune responses, leading to host tolerance, permanent disease, and dissemination.

Intracellular Mycobacterium leprae Utilizes Host Glucose as a Carbon Source in Schwann Cells.

New approaches are needed to control leprosy, but understanding of the biology of the causative agent remains rudimentary, principally because the pathogen cannot be grown in axenic culture. Here, we applied C isotopomer analysis to measure carbon metabolism of in its primary host cell, the Schwann cell. We compared the results of this analysis with those of a related pathogen, , growing in its primary host cell, the macrophage.

Myelin breakdown favours Mycobacterium leprae survival in Schwann cells.

Leprosy neuropathy is a chronic degenerative infectious disorder of the peripheral nerve caused by the intracellular obligate pathogen Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae). Among all nonneuronal cells that constitute the nerve, Schwann cells are remarkable in supporting M.

Miniemulsion RAFT Copolymerization of MMA with Acrylic Acid and Methacrylic Acid and Bioconjugation with BSA.

Polymerization through reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization has been extensively employed for the production of polymers with controlled molar mass, complex architectures and copolymer composition distributions intended for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. In the present work, RAFT miniemulsion copolymerizations of methyl methacrylate with acrylic acid and methacrylic acid were conducted to prepare hydrophilic polymer nanoparticles and compare cell uptake results after bioconjugation with bovine serum albumin (BSA), used as a model biomolecule. Obtained results indicate that the RAFT agent 2-cyano-propyl-dithiobenzoate allowed for successful free radical controlled methyl methacrylate copolymerizations and performed better when methacrylic acid was used as comonomer.

Ticks as potential vectors of Mycobacterium leprae: Use of tick cell lines to culture the bacilli and generate transgenic strains.

Leprosy is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae and frequently resulting in irreversible deformities and disabilities. Ticks play an important role in infectious disease transmission due to their low host specificity, worldwide distribution, and the biological ability to support transovarial transmission of a wide spectrum of pathogens, including viruses, bacteria and protozoa. To investigate a possible role for ticks as vectors of leprosy, we assessed transovarial transmission of M.

PGL I expression in live bacteria allows activation of a CD206/PPARγ cross-talk that may contribute to successful Mycobacterium leprae colonization of peripheral nerves.

Mycobacterium leprae, an obligate intracellular bacillus, infects Schwann cells (SCs), leading to peripheral nerve damage, the most severe leprosy symptom. In the present study, we revisited the involvement of phenolic glycolipid I (PGL I), an abundant, private, surface M. leprae molecule, in M.

Type I Interferons, Autophagy and Host Metabolism in Leprosy.

For those with leprosy, the extent of host infection by and the progression of the disease depend on the ability of mycobacteria to shape a safe environment for its replication during early interaction with host cells. Thus, variations in key genes such as those in pattern recognition receptors ( and ), autophagic flux (, and ), effector immune cytokines ( and ), and environmental factors, such as nutrition, have been described as critical determinants for infection and disease progression. While parkin-mediated autophagy is observed as being essential for mycobacterial clearance, leprosy patients present a prominent activation of the type I IFN pathway and its downstream genes, including , and .

Blood coagulation abnormalities in multibacillary leprosy patients.

Background: Leprosy is a chronic dermato-neurological disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae infection. In 2016, more than 200,000 new cases of leprosy were detected around the world, representing the most frequent cause of infectious irreversible deformities and disabilities.

Principal Findings: In the present work, we demonstrate a consistent procoagulant profile on 40 reactional and non-reactional multibacillary leprosy patients.

The toxic nature of murine amylin and the immune responsivity of pancreatic islet to conformational antibody in mice.

The human amylin is a pancreatic peptide hormone found in hyperhormonemic state along with insulin in subclinical diabetes. Amylin has been associated with the pathology of type 2 diabetes, particularly due to its ability to assembly into toxic oligomers and amyloid specimens. On the other hand, some variants such as murine amylin has been described as non-amyloidogenic, either in vitro or in vivo.

Production and Characterization of F(Ab') Fragments Obtained by Enzymatic Digestion from Murine Anti-MRSA PBP2a Monoclonal Antibodies.

Infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are a worldwide health problem. In a previous study, a murine monoclonal antibody (mMAB), capable of binding to PBP2a within MRSA strains, was generated. F(ab') antibody fragments are widely described in the literature as immunochemical tools and reagents for diagnostics and therapeutics, particularly because of their low immunogenicity and rapid pharmacokinetics.