Gingival Crevicular Fluid Biomarkers During Periodontitis Progression and After Periodontal Treatment.

Objective: To identify gingival crevicular fluid (GCF)-derived inflammatory markers of periodontitis progression and periodontal treatment impact.

Methods: Periodontally healthy (H; n = 112) and periodontitis (P; n = 302) patients were monitored bi-monthly for 1 year without therapy. Periodontitis patients were re-examined 6 months after non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT).

Salivary and serum inflammatory biomarkers during periodontitis progression and after treatment.

Aim: To identify serum- and salivary-derived inflammatory biomarkers of periodontitis progression and determine their response to non-surgical treatment.

Materials And Methods: Periodontally healthy (H; n = 113) and periodontitis patients (P; n = 302) were monitored bi-monthly for 1 year without therapy. Periodontitis patients were re-examined 6 months after non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT).

Blood Leukocyte DNA Methylation Markers of Periodontal Disease and Risk of Lung Cancer in a Case-Control Study Nested in the CLUE II Cohort.

Background: Periodontal disease and DNA methylation markers have separately been associated with lung cancer risk. Examining methylation levels at genomic regions previously linked to periodontal disease may provide insights on the link between periodontal disease and lung cancer.

Methods: In a nested case-control study drawn from the CLUE II cohort, we measured DNA methylation levels in 208 lung cancer cases and 208 controls.

Epigenome-wide association study using peripheral blood leukocytes identifies genomic regions associated with periodontal disease and edentulism in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study.

Aim: To investigate individual susceptibility to periodontitis by conducting an epigenome-wide association study using peripheral blood.

Materials And Methods: We included 1077 African American and 457 European American participants of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study who had completed a dental examination or reported being edentulous at Visit 4 and had available data on DNA methylation from Visit 2 or 3. DNA methylation levels were compared by periodontal disease severity and edentulism through discovery analyses and subsequent testing of individual CpGs.

Addition of cariogenic pathogens to complex oral microflora drives significant changes in biofilm compositions and functionalities.

Background: Dental caries is a microbe and sugar-mediated biofilm-dependent oral disease. Of particular significance, a virulent type of dental caries, known as severe early childhood caries (S-ECC), is characterized by the synergistic polymicrobial interaction between the cariogenic bacterium, Streptococcus mutans, and an opportunistic fungal pathogen, Candida albicans. Although cross-sectional studies reveal their important roles in caries development, these exhibit limitations in determining the significance of these microbial interactions in the pathogenesis of the disease.

Newly identified pathogens in periodontitis: evidence from an association and an elimination study.

We assessed the level of evidence for the presence of new periodontal pathogens by (i) comparing the occurrence of non-classical periodontal taxa between healthy vs. periodontitis patients (Association study); (ii) assessing the modifications in the prevalence and levels of these species after treatments (Elimination study). In the Association study, we compared the prevalence and levels of 39 novel bacterial species between periodontally healthy and periodontitis patients.

Pursuing new periodontal pathogens with an improved RNA-oligonucleotide quantification technique (ROQT).

Objective: The aim of this study was to optimize the sensitivity, specificity and cost-effectiveness of the RNA-Oligonucleotide Quantification Technique (ROQT) in order to identify periodontal pathogens that remain unrecognized or uncultured in the oral microbiome.

Design: Total nucleic acids (TNA) were extracted from subgingival biofilm samples using an automated process. RNA, DNA and Locked Nucleic Acid (LNA) digoxigenin-labeled oligonucleotide probes targeting 5 cultivated/named species and 16 uncultivated or unnamed bacterial taxa were synthesized.

Circulating IgG antibodies to periodontal bacteria and lung cancer risk in the CLUE cohorts.

Background: Oral health is a key indicator of overall health, well-being, and quality of life. Several studies have provided new evidence about the role of oral diseases, specifically periodontitis, in generating risk for various forms of cancers, including lung, colorectal, and pancreatic cancers.

Methods: Incident lung cancer cases (n = 192) and matched controls (n = 192) were selected from participants of the CLUE I and CLUE II cohorts.

Antibodies to oral pathobionts and colon cancer risk in the CLUE I cohort study.

Periodontitis has been associated with an increased risk for gastrointestinal cancers. The objective of our study was to investigate the association of antibodies to oral bacteria and the risk of colon cancer in a cohort setting. Using the CLUE I cohort, a prospective cohort initiated in 1974 in Washington County, Maryland, we conducted a nested case-control study to examine the association of levels of IgG antibodies to 11 oral bacterial species (13 total strains) with risk of colon cancer diagnosed a median of 16 years later (range: 1-26 years).

Subgingival host-microbiome metatranscriptomic changes following scaling and root planing in grade II/III periodontitis.

Aim: To assess the effects of scaling and root planing (SRP) on the dynamics of gene expression by the host and the microbiome in subgingival plaque samples.

Materials And Methods: Fourteen periodontitis patients were closely monitored in the absence of periodontal treatment for 12 months. During this period, comprehensive periodontal examination and subgingival biofilm sample collection were performed bi-monthly.

Oral biofilm dysbiosis during experimental periodontitis.

Objectives: We have previously characterized the main osteoimmunological events that occur during ligature periodontitis. This study aims to determine the polymicrobial community shifts that occur during disease development.

Methods: Periodontitis was induced in C57BL/6 mice using the ligature-induced periodontitis model.

Viruses, periodontitis, and comorbidities.

Seminal studies published in the 1990s and 2000s explored connections between periodontal diseases and systemic conditions, revealing potential contributions of periodontal diseases in the initiation or worsening of systemic conditions. The resulting field of periodontal medicine led to the publication of studies indicating that periodontal diseases can influence the risk of systemic conditions, including adverse pregnancy outcomes, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, as well as Alzheimer disease and cancers. In general, these studies hypothesized that the periodontal bacterial insult and/or the associated proinflammatory cascade could contribute to the pathogenesis of these systemic diseases.

Long-term dynamics of the human oral microbiome during clinical disease progression.

Background: Oral microbiome dysbiosis is linked to overt inflammation of tooth-supporting tissues, leading to periodontitis, an oral condition that can cause tooth and bone loss. Microbiome dysbiosis has been described as a disruption in the symbiotic microbiota composition's stability that could adversely affect the host's health status. However, the precise microbiome dynamics that lead to dysbiosis and the progression of the disease are largely unknown.

Effect of micro-osteoperforations on the gene expression profile of the periodontal ligament of orthodontically moved human teeth.

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of micro-osteoperforations (MOPs) on the gene expression profile of the periodontal ligament (PDL) of orthodontically moved teeth.

Materials And Methods: Fifteen participants were randomly assigned into two groups: tooth movement only (Tr1, n = 7) and tooth movement supplemented with MOPs (Tr2, n = 8). In each subject, orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) was performed on premolar in one side, while no force was applied on contralateral premolar (Unt, n = 15).

Did Omics change periodontal therapy?

The starting point for defining effective treatment protocols is a clear understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of a condition. In periodontal diseases, this understanding has been hindered by a number of factors, such as the difficulty in differentiating primary pathogens from nonpathogens in complex biofilm structures. The introduction of DNA sequencing technologies, including taxonomic and functional analyses, has allowed the oral microbiome to be investigated in much greater breadth and depth.

Impact of systemic factors in shaping the periodontal microbiome.

Since 2010, next-generation sequencing platforms have laid the foundation to an exciting phase of discovery in oral microbiology as it relates to oral and systemic health and disease. Next-generation sequencing has allowed large-scale oral microbial surveys, based on informative marker genes, such as 16S ribosomal RNA, community gene inventories (metagenomics), and functional analyses (metatranscriptomics), to be undertaken. More specifically, the availability of next-generation sequencing has also paved the way for studying, in greater depth and breadth, the effect of systemic factors on the periodontal microbiome.

Microbiome changes in young periodontitis patients treated with adjunctive metronidazole and amoxicillin.

Background: To our knowledge, to date, no studies have comprehensively assessed the changes occurring in the subgingival microbiome of young patients with periodontitis treated by means of mechanical and antibiotic therapy. Thus, this study aimed to use next-generation sequencing to evaluate the subgingival microbial composition of young patients with severe periodontitis treated with scaling and root planing and systemic metronidazole and amoxicillin.

Methods: Subgingival samples from healthy individuals and shallow and deep sites from periodontitis patients were individually collected at baseline and 90 days post-treatment.

The apical root canal system microbial communities determined by next-generation sequencing.

The aim of this study was to explore the microbial communities of endodontic infections at their apical portion by 16S rRNA Illumina sequencing and delineate the core microbiome of root canal infections and that of their associated clinical symptomatology. Samples were collected from fifteen subjects presenting one tooth with a root canal infection, and their associated symptoms were recorded. Samples were collected from the apical third of roots using a #10 K file and then amplified using multiple displacement amplification and PCR-amplified with universal primers.

Antibacterial action of nitric oxide-releasing hyperbranched polymers against ex vivo dental biofilms.

Objectives: This study investigates the antibiofilm action of nitric oxide (NO)-releasing hyperbranched polymers against ex vivo multispecies periodontal biofilms.

Methods: The antibiofilm efficacy of NO-releasing hyperbranched polymers was evaluated as a function of NO-release properties, polymer concentrations, and oxygen levels in the exposure media. 16s rRNA sequencing technique was employed to evaluate the impact of NO-releasing hyperbranched polymers on the microbial composition of the biofilms.

Proposal of a Clinical Endpoint for Periodontal Trials: The Treat-to-Target Approach.

The selection of proper outcome measures is a critical step in clinical research. Most randomized clinical trials (RCTs) assessing the effects of initial anti-infective periodontal therapies use surrogate outcomes as primary outcome variables, such as mean changes in probing depth (PD) or in clinical attachment. However, these parameters do not reflect disease remission/control at patient level, which has led to subjective interpretations of the data from RCTs and Systematic Reviews.

The Microbiome of Peri-implantitis: Is It Unique?

A better characterization of the peri-implant microbiome can improve the understanding of the etiology of peri-implant diseases. Ultimately, more detailed information about the peri-implantitis microbiome will lead to better strategies for prevention, supportive therapy, and risk assessment, as well as early diagnosis of peri-implantitis and timely intervention, all of which are critical for the long-term retention of implants.

Exploring the microbiome of healthy and diseased peri-implant sites using Illumina sequencing.

Aim: To compare the microbiome of healthy (H) and diseased (P) peri-implant sites and determine the core peri-implant microbiome.

Materials And Methods: Submucosal biofilms from 32 H and 35 P sites were analysed using 16S rRNA sequencing (MiSeq, Illumina), QIIME and HOMINGS. Differences between groups were determined using principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), t tests and Wilcoxon rank sum test and FDR-adjusted.

The subgingival periodontal microbiota of the aging mouth.

Different mechanisms have been hypothesized to explain the increase in prevalence and severity of periodontitis in older adults, including shifts in the periodontal microbiota. However, the actual impact of aging on the composition of subgingival biofilms remains unclear. In the present article, we provide an overview of the composition of the subgingival biofilm in older adults and the potential effects of age on the oral microbiome.