The Association Between Street Construction Projects and Community Violence in New York City.

Community violence is a major cause of injury and death in the USA. Empirical studies have identified that some place-based interventions of urban private places, such as remediations of vacant lots and buildings, are associated with reductions in community violence in surrounding areas. The aim of this study was to examine whether routine maintenance and repair of urban public places (e.

Distinct immune profiles in children living with HIV based on timing and duration of suppressive antiretroviral treatment.

Timely initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) remains a major challenge in the effort to treat children living with HIV ("CLH") and little is known regarding the dynamics of immune normalization following ART in CLH with varying times to and durations of ART. Here, we leveraged two cohorts of virally-suppressed CLH from Nairobi, Kenya to examine differences in the peripheral immune systems between two cohorts of age-matched children (to control for immune changes with age): one group which initiated ART during early HIV infection and had been on ART for 5-6 years at evaluation (early, long-term treated; "ELT" cohort), and one group which initiated ART later and had been on ART for approximately 9 months at evaluation (delayed, short-term treated; "DST" cohort). We profiled PBMC and purified NK cells from these two cohorts by mass cytometry time-of-flight (CyTOF).

Using Geovisualizations to Educate the Public About Environmental Health Hazards: What Works and Why.

Purpose Of Review: Informing the public about environmental risks to health is crucial for raising awareness around hazards, and promoting actions that minimize exposures. Geographic visualizations-geovisualizations-have become an increasingly common way to disseminate web-based information about environmental hazards, displaying spatial variations in exposures and health outcomes using a map. Unfortunately, ineffective geovisualizations can result in inaccurate inferences about a hazard, leading to misguided actions or policies.

Temperature and firearm violence in four US cities: testing competing hypotheses.

Introduction: Firearm violence is a major public health issue in the USA. There is growing evidence that firearm violence is associated with higher ambient temperatures. The aim of this study was to test competing hypotheses that could explain associations between temperature and firearm violence: temperature-aggression theory and routine activities theory.

The association between street construction projects and community violence in New York City.

Introduction: Community violence is a major cause of injury and death in the United States. Empirical studies have identified that some place-based interventions of urban private places, such as remediations of vacant lots and buildings, are associated with reductions in community violence in surrounding areas. The aim of this study was to examine whether routine maintenance and repair of urban public places (e.

Physical environmental roadway interventions and injury and death for vulnerable road users: a natural experiment in New York City.

Introduction: This study examined the effectiveness of three physical environmental roadway interventions (enhanced crossings, speed humps, and turn traffic calming) in preventing crashes involving pedestrian and cyclist injury and mortality in New York City.

Methods: We examined crashes that occurred within a 100-foot radius of intervention and control sites from 2015 to 2019. We used a staggered difference-in-difference design to estimate the association between each intervention type and pedestrian and cyclist crash outcomes.

Interstate Highway Connections and Traced Gun Transfers Between the 48 Contiguous United States.

Importance: Interstate gun flow has critical implications for gun violence prevention, as gun transfers across state lines can undermine local gun control policies.

Objective: To identify possible gun trafficking routes along interstate highways in the US.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This repeated-measures, ecological, cross-sectional study used data from the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2019, to examine associations between interstate connections via 13 highways that each spanned at least 1000 miles and interstate traced gun transfer counts for the 48 contiguous United States.

Using viral sequence diversity to estimate time of HIV infection in infants.

Age at HIV acquisition may influence viral pathogenesis in infants, and yet infection timing (i.e. date of infection) is not always known.

Higher HIV-1 Env gp120-Specific Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC) Activity Is Associated with Lower Levels of Defective HIV-1 Provirus.

A cure for HIV-1 (HIV) remains unrealized due to a reservoir of latently infected cells that persist during antiretroviral therapy (ART), with reservoir size associated with adverse health outcomes and inversely with time to viral rebound upon ART cessation. Once established during ART, the HIV reservoir decays minimally over time; thus, understanding factors that impact the size of the HIV reservoir near its establishment is key to improving the health of people living with HIV and for the development of novel cure strategies. Yet, to date, few correlates of HIV reservoir size have been identified, particularly in pediatric populations.

Recurrent haemorrhagic pontine cavernoma resection via a retrosigmoid microsurgical approach.

Background: Brainstem cavernomas occasionally require surgical treatment. Appropriate patient selection and thorough understanding of the anatomy and technical nuances involved in microsurgical resection is a pre-requisite in undertaking these challenging cases.

Case Description: We present a video case of a patient with a recurrent haemorrhagic pontine cavernoma.

Pesticide, allergen, PCB, and lead measurements in childcare centers located on tribal lands in the Pacific Northwest, United States.

Background: Children's potential exposures to chemical and biological agents in tribal childcare centers are not well characterized.

Objectives: (1) The environmental health of childcare centers in Portland Area Indian Country was characterized by measuring selected pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), allergens, and lead (Pb) in outdoor soil and indoor dust. (2) We compared our results to other studies of childcare centers in both the United States and globally.

A review of current therapeutics targeting the mitochondrial protease ClpP in diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27-altered.

Diffuse midline gliomas (DMGs) are devastating pediatric brain tumors recognized as the leading cause of cancer-related death in children. DMGs are high-grade gliomas (HGGs) diagnosed along the brain's midline. Euchromatin is the hallmark feature of DMG, caused by global hypomethylation of H3K27 either through point mutations in histone H3 genes (H3K27M), or by overexpression of the enhancer of zeste homolog inhibitory protein.

Electroconvulsive Therapy in Patients With Cerebral Aneurysms.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage due to cerebral aneurysm rupture is a devastating event with a high mortality and significant morbidity. The safety of patients undergoing electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in the presence of an aneurysm is not clear and is a cause of anxiety for both health care workers and patients. The present article collated the available evidence related to ECT in the presence of an aneurysm and found that there were no case reports where ECT directly led to the rupture of an aneurysm, although 1 case reported a rupture of an aneurysm between sessions of ECT.

Potential use of telemedicine in paediatrics: a single-centre retrospective review.

Recent advancements and adoption of telemedicine have affected all aspects of healthcare including paediatrics. While telemedicine has the potential to increase access to paediatric care, the limitations of this service in its current iteration bring into question its usefulness for direct replacement of in-person care, particularly in an acute or urgent care setting. This retrospective review demonstrates that only a small percentage of in-person visits to our practice would have resulted in definitive diagnosis and treatment if facilitated via telemedicine.

Predictors of intact HIV DNA levels among children in Kenya.

Objective: We determined predictors of both intact (estimate of replication-competent) and total (intact and defective) HIV DNA in the reservoir among children with HIV.

Design: HIV DNA in the reservoir was quantified longitudinally in children who initiated antiretroviral therapy (ART) at less than 1 year of age using a novel cross-subtype intact proviral DNA assay that measures both intact and total proviruses. Quantitative PCR was used to measure pre-ART cytomegalovirus (CMV) viral load.

HIV and SARS-CoV-2 infection in postpartum Kenyan women and their infants.

Background: HIV may increase SARS-CoV-2 infection risk and COVID-19 severity generally, but data are limited about its impact on postpartum women and their infants. As such, we characterized SARS-CoV-2 infection among mother-infant pairs in Nairobi, Kenya.

Methods: We conducted a nested study of 62 HIV-uninfected and 64 healthy women living with HIV, as well as their HIV-exposed uninfected (N = 61) and HIV-unexposed (N = 64) infants, participating in a prospective cohort.

Protocol for high-throughput reservoir quantification across global HIV subtypes using a cross-subtype intact proviral DNA assay.

The cross-subtype intact proviral DNA assay (CS-IPDA) is a high-throughput method to quantify HIV reservoir size in populations infected with any of the dominant global HIV-1 subtypes. Our protocol includes genomic DNA isolation optimized to minimize DNA shearing, a reference droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) assay to quantify T cells and assess DNA shearing, and a multiplex ddPCR targeting three distinct regions across the HIV genome to quantify intact proviruses as an estimate of replication-competent proviruses in the reservoir. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Cassidy et al.

HIV reservoir quantification using cross-subtype multiplex ddPCR.

A major barrier to conducting HIV cure research in populations with the highest HIV burden is the lack of an accurate assay to quantify the replication-competent reservoir across the dominant global HIV-1 subtypes. Here, we modify a subtype B HIV-1 assay that quantifies both intact and defective proviral DNA, adapting it to accommodate cross-subtype HIV-1 sequence diversity. We show that the cross-subtype assay works on subtypes A, B, C, D, and CRF01_AE and can detect a single copy of intact provirus.

SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Binding and Neutralization in Dried Blood Spot Eluates and Paired Plasma.

Wide-scale assessment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific antibodies is critical to understanding population seroprevalence, correlates of protection, and the longevity of vaccine-elicited responses. Most SARS-CoV-2 studies characterize antibody responses in plasma/sera. While reliable and broadly used, these samples pose several logistical restrictions, such as requiring venipuncture for collection and a cold chain for transportation and storage.

High mitotic activity in a capillary hemangioma of the cauda equina: Case report and review of the literature.

Background: Capillary hemangiomas of the skin and soft tissue are a common entity, while capillary hemangiomas of the central nervous system are an extremely rare pathology. There are less than 20 published cases of intradural lesions involving the cauda equina.

Case Presentation: Herein, we describe a young patient with a capillary hemangioma of the cauda equina that underwent successful surgical resection.

Cerebral abscesses after endovascular coiling of a paraophthalmic aneurysm: Case report and review of the literature.

Background: Intracranial infections are a rare complication of therapeutic neuroendovascular procedures.

Case Description: We present a case of a 72-year-old female with multiple unilateral cerebral hemisphere abscesses after endovascular embolization of a right paraophthalmic aneurysm and also provide a comprehensive review of the literature on cerebral abscesses following neurovascular embolization.

Conclusion: Infection following coil embolization of cerebral aneurysm is rare.

Impact of home remediation and household education on indoor air quality, respiratory visits and symptoms in Alaska Native children.

Alaska Native children experience high rates of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) and lung conditions, which are associated with substandard indoor air quality (IAQ). We conducted an intervention of home remediation and education to assess the impact on IAQ, respiratory symptoms and LRTI visits. We enrolled households of children 1-12 years of age with lung conditions.