Atlas of Cerebrospinal Fluid Immune Cells Across Neurological Diseases.

Objective: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) provides unique insights into the brain and neurological diseases. However, the potential of CSF flow cytometry applied on a large scale remains unknown.

Methods: We used data-driven approaches to analyze paired CSF and blood flow cytometry measurements from 8,790 patients (discovery cohort) and CSF only data from 3,201 patients (validation cohort) collected across neurological diseases in a real-world setting.

GateNet: A novel neural network architecture for automated flow cytometry gating.

Background And Objective: Flow cytometry is a widely used technique for identifying cell populations in patient-derived fluids, such as peripheral blood (PB) or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Despite its ubiquity in research and clinical practice, the process of gating, i.e.

deepbet: Fast brain extraction of T1-weighted MRI using Convolutional Neural Networks.

Background: Brain extraction in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data is an important segmentation step in many neuroimaging preprocessing pipelines. Image segmentation is one of the research fields in which deep learning had the biggest impact in recent years. Consequently, traditional brain extraction methods are now being replaced by deep learning-based methods.

Brain-age prediction: Systematic evaluation of site effects, and sample age range and size.

Structural neuroimaging data have been used to compute an estimate of the biological age of the brain (brain-age) which has been associated with other biologically and behaviorally meaningful measures of brain development and aging. The ongoing research interest in brain-age has highlighted the need for robust and publicly available brain-age models pre-trained on data from large samples of healthy individuals. To address this need we have previously released a developmental brain-age model.

T-FINDER: A highly sensitive, pan-HLA platform for functional T cell receptor and ligand discovery.

Effective, unbiased, high-throughput methods to functionally identify both class II and class I HLA-presented T cell epitopes and their cognate T cell receptors (TCRs) are essential for and prerequisite to diagnostic and therapeutic applications, yet remain underdeveloped. Here, we present T-FINDER [T cell Functional Identification and (Neo)-antigen Discovery of Epitopes and Receptors], a system to rapidly deconvolute CD4 and CD8 TCRs and targets physiologically processed and presented by an individual's unmanipulated, complete human leukocyte antigen (HLA) haplotype. Combining a highly sensitive TCR signaling reporter with an antigen processing system to overcome previously undescribed limitations to target expression, T-FINDER both robustly identifies unknown peptide:HLA ligands from antigen libraries and rapidly screens and functionally validates the specificity of large TCR libraries against known or predicted targets.

A Systematic Evaluation of Machine Learning-Based Biomarkers for Major Depressive Disorder.

Importance: Biological psychiatry aims to understand mental disorders in terms of altered neurobiological pathways. However, for one of the most prevalent and disabling mental disorders, major depressive disorder (MDD), no informative biomarkers have been identified.

Objective: To evaluate whether machine learning (ML) can identify a multivariate biomarker for MDD.

[Rapidly progressive dementia: management by the internist].

Rapidly progressive dementia is distinguished from other neurocognitive disorders by its rapid onset (less than two years from first symptoms to diagnosis). It comprises a wide range of etiologies, including Creutzfledt-Jakob disease and Alzheimer's disease. When faced with a recent and rapid onset of major cognitive impairment, it is essential to rule out delirium or any other cause that may lead to rapid cognitive decline (such as stroke, encephalitis, or epileptic seizure).

Towards a network control theory of electroconvulsive therapy response.

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) is arguably the most effective intervention for treatment-resistant depression. While large interindividual variability exists, a theory capable of explaining individual response to ECT remains elusive. To address this, we posit a quantitative, mechanistic framework of ECT response based on Network Control Theory (NCT).

A conserved Bacteroidetes antigen induces anti-inflammatory intestinal T lymphocytes.

The microbiome contributes to the development and maturation of the immune system. In response to commensal bacteria, intestinal CD4 T lymphocytes differentiate into functional subtypes with regulatory or effector functions. The development of small intestine intraepithelial lymphocytes that coexpress CD4 and CD8αα homodimers (CD4IELs) depends on the microbiota.

Etiology, 3-Month Functional Outcome and Recurrent Events in Non-Traumatic Intracerebral Hemorrhage.

Background And Purpose: Knowledge about different etiologies of non-traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and their outcomes is scarce.

Methods: We assessed prevalence of pre-specified ICH etiologies and their association with outcomes in consecutive ICH patients enrolled in the prospective Swiss Stroke Registry (2014 to 2019).

Results: We included 2,650 patients (mean±standard deviation age 72±14 years, 46.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging or Computed Tomography for Suspected Acute Stroke: Association of Admission Image Modality with Acute Recanalization Therapies, Workflow Metrics, and Outcomes.

Objective: To examine rates of intravenous thrombolysis (IVT), mechanical thrombectomy (MT), door-to-needle (DTN) time, door-to-puncture (DTP) time, and functional outcome between patients with admission magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) versus computed tomography (CT).

Methods: An observational cohort study of consecutive patients using a target trial design within the nationwide Swiss-Stroke-Registry from January 2014 to August 2020 was carried out. Exclusion criteria included MRI contraindications, transferred patients, and unstable or frail patients.

An uncertainty-aware, shareable, and transparent neural network architecture for brain-age modeling.

The deviation between chronological age and age predicted from neuroimaging data has been identified as a sensitive risk marker of cross-disorder brain changes, growing into a cornerstone of biological age research. However, machine learning models underlying the field do not consider uncertainty, thereby confounding results with training data density and variability. Also, existing models are commonly based on homogeneous training sets, often not independently validated, and cannot be shared because of data protection issues.

Longitudinal Structural Brain Changes in Bipolar Disorder: A Multicenter Neuroimaging Study of 1232 Individuals by the ENIGMA Bipolar Disorder Working Group.

Background: Bipolar disorder (BD) is associated with cortical and subcortical structural brain abnormalities. It is unclear whether such alterations progressively change over time, and how this is related to the number of mood episodes. To address this question, we analyzed a large and diverse international sample with longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and clinical data to examine structural brain changes over time in BD.

Case Report and Review of the Literature: Fatal Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome.

A fatal outcome occurs in 2% of patients with Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome (RCVS). Due to its rarity, guidelines for the management of the most severe forms of RCVS are lacking. Here, we describe the case of a 55 year-old woman who died from complications of RCVS and reviewed patients with fatal outcome reported in the literature.

[The flu in its worse forms].

Influenza A and B infections are marred with variable morbidity and, in some cases, develop into severe or even fatal respiratory, circulatory and neurologic complications. Respiratory complications are most common and involve primary-Influenza pneumonia and pneumonia from bacterial or fungal superinfections. Nonrespiratory complications can affect several organs/systems, namely the heart (myocarditis, type 1 and 2 myocardial infarction) and the nervous system (stroke, encephalitis, Guillain-Barré Syndrome).

A Unique Case of Acquired Hemophilia A Presenting with Transient Ischemic Attack.

Acquired hemophilia A (AHA) is a rare but serious condition, usually associated with significant spontaneous or traumatic bleeding and a high mortality rate. In this report, we describe the case of an elderly patient presenting a transient ischemic attack concurrently with AHA. A thrombotic event in AHA is occasionally associated with the use of bypassing agents for treatment, but a spontaneous thrombotic event has not ever been described.

Dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel for acute high risk transient ischaemic attack and minor ischaemic stroke: a clinical practice guideline.

WHAT IS THE ROLE OF DUAL ANTIPLATELET THERAPY AFTER HIGH RISK TRANSIENT ISCHAEMIC ATTACK OR MINOR STROKE? SPECIFICALLY, DOES DUAL ANTIPLATELET THERAPY WITH A COMBINATION OF ASPIRIN AND CLOPIDOGREL LEAD TO A GREATER REDUCTION IN RECURRENT STROKE AND DEATH OVER THE USE OF ASPIRIN ALONE WHEN GIVEN IN THE FIRST 24 HOURS AFTER A HIGH RISK TRANSIENT ISCHAEMIC ATTACK OR MINOR ISCHAEMIC STROKE? AN EXPERT PANEL PRODUCED A STRONG RECOMMENDATION FOR INITIATING DUAL ANTIPLATELET THERAPY WITHIN 24 HOURS OF THE ONSET OF SYMPTOMS, AND FOR CONTINUING IT FOR 10-21 DAYS CURRENT PRACTICE IS TYPICALLY TO USE A SINGLE DRUG.

Early specialized care after a first unprovoked epileptic seizure.

A first seizure is a life-changing event with physical and psychological consequences. We aimed to assess the role of early comprehensive patient care after a first unprovoked seizure to improve diagnostic accuracy and follow-up adherence. From April 2011 to March 2012, patients presenting a first unprovoked epileptic seizure received standard patient care (SPC), i.

Management of carotid near-occlusion and acute carotid occlusion.

As a stenosis becomes more severe, blood flow through it increases in velocity to maintain volume, flow and pressure. But there is a critical point beyond which further increase in stenosis no longer allows sufficient blood to pass through to maintain volumetric flow, and the carotid artery beyond the stenosis begins to decrease in diameter. This is the near occlusion.