Protein characterization of an Indonesian isolate of foot and mouth disease virus inactivated with formaldehyde and binary ethylenimine.

Background And Aim: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease of cloven-footed animals. It is a major threat to livestock production worldwide, causing significant economic losses. Inactivation of FMD virus (FMDV) is crucial for vaccine development and control of outbreaks.