Deletion of Hsd11b1 suppresses caloric restriction-induced bone marrow adiposity in male but not female mice.

Bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) comprises >10% of total adipose mass in healthy humans. It increases in diverse conditions, including ageing, obesity, osteoporosis, glucocorticoid therapy, and notably, during caloric restriction (CR). BMAT potentially influences skeletal, metabolic, and immune functions, but the mechanisms of BMAT expansion remain poorly understood.

Ocular Lichen Planus: A clinicopathologic review.

Lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory dermatosis that can affect the skin, mucous membranes and nails. Cutaneous lichen planus lesions are best described by the "six Ps" - purple pruritic polygonal planar papules and plaques. Mucous membrane lesions are commonly associated with cutaneous lichen planus Ocular involvement with lichen planus is rare and conjunctival involvement usually predominates, it can however be visually devastating.

Monoamines' role in islet cell function and type 2 diabetes risk.

The two monoamines serotonin and melatonin have recently been highlighted as potent regulators of islet hormone secretion and overall glucose homeostasis in the body. In fact, dysregulated signaling of both amines are implicated in β-cell dysfunction and development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Serotonin is a key player in β-cell physiology and plays a role in expansion of β-cell mass.

Bone mineralisation and glucose metabolism.

Recent advancements in the bone biology field have identified a novel bone-metabolism axis. In this review, we highlight several novel studies that further our knowledge of new endocrine functions of bone; explore remaining unanswered questions; and discuss translational challenges in this complex era of bone biology research.

Primary orbital sarcoma in adults: a case series with emphasis on post-irradiation sarcoma.

Purpose: To describe a series of eight adult patients with primary orbital sarcoma and to review the existing literature on orbital sarcoma and post-irradiation sarcoma.

Methods: Report of eight cases and literature review.

Results: We report eight cases of primary orbital sarcoma, three of which were radiation-induced.

Post-enucleation outcomes of patients with uveal melanoma in Scotland.

Background/objectives: To investigate post-enucleation outcomes and assess the effect of extrascleral extension (ESE) on these outcomes for patients with uveal melanoma (UM) managed at a tertiary referral centre in Scotland.

Subjects/methods: Retrospective review of all cases of UM managed by the Scottish Ocular Oncology Service for which enucleation was undertaken between 13/03/2008 and 31/12/2020. Primary outcomes were length of survival, time-to-metastasis (TTM) and local recurrence rate.

The impact of macronutrient composition on metabolic regulation: An Islet-Centric view.

Aim: The influence of dietary carbohydrates and fats on weight gain is inconclusively understood. We studied the acute impact of these nutrients on the overall metabolic state utilizing the insulin:glucagon ratio (IGR).

Methods: Following in vitro glucose and palmitate treatment, insulin and glucagon secretion from islets isolated from C57Bl/6J mice was measured.

New Insights into Molecular Mechanisms Mediating Adaptation to Exercise; A Review Focusing on Mitochondrial Biogenesis, Mitochondrial Function, Mitophagy and Autophagy.

Exercise itself is fundamental for good health, and when practiced regularly confers a myriad of metabolic benefits in a range of tissues. These benefits are mediated by a range of adaptive responses in a coordinated, multi-organ manner. The continued understanding of the molecular mechanisms of action which confer beneficial effects of exercise on the body will identify more specific pathways which can be manipulated by therapeutic intervention in order to prevent or treat various metabolism-associated diseases.

A mathematical investigation into the uptake kinetics of nanoparticles in vitro.

Nanoparticles have the potential to increase the efficacy of anticancer drugs whilst reducing off-target side effects. However, there remain uncertainties regarding the cellular uptake kinetics of nanoparticles which could have implications for nanoparticle design and delivery. Polymersomes are nanoparticle candidates for cancer therapy which encapsulate chemotherapy drugs.

Rehabilitation Before and After Autologous Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (AHSCT) for Patients With Multiple Sclerosis (MS): Consensus Guidelines and Recommendations for Best Clinical Practice on Behalf of the Autoimmune Diseases Working Party, Nurses Group, and Patient Advocacy Committee of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT).

Autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) is increasingly used to treat people with multiple sclerosis (MS). Supported by an evolving evidence base, AHSCT can suppress active inflammation in the central nervous system and induce long-term changes in immune cell populations, thereby stabilizing, and, in some cases, reversing disability in carefully selected MS patients. However, AHSCT is an intensive chemotherapy-based procedure associated with intrinsic risks, including profound cytopenia, infection, and organ toxicity, accompanied by an on-going degree of immuno-compromise and general deconditioning, which can be associated with a transient increase in functional impairment in the early stages after transplantation.

Osteoblast-specific deficiency of ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase or phosphodiesterase-1 engenders insulin resistance in high-fat diet fed mice.

Supraphysiological levels of the osteoblast-enriched mineralization regulator ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase or phosphodiesterase-1 (NPP1) is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. We determined the impact of osteoblast-specific Enpp1 ablation on skeletal structure and metabolic phenotype in mice. Female, but not male, 6-week-old mice lacking osteoblast NPP1 expression (osteoblast-specific knockout [KO]) exhibited increased femoral bone volume or total volume (17.

Foreign body episcleral suture granulomas mimicking nodular anterior scleritis.

Scleritis is an idiopathic condition that may sometimes be associated with systemic immunological like disorders rheumatoid arthritis, Wegener's granulomatosis and systemic lupus erythematosus. A variety of foreign material has been reported to result in granuloma formation in various parts of the body. We report a case of inflamed episcleral granulomas mimicking severe nodular anterior scleritis in a healthy Caucasian woman who underwent strabismus surgery in her childhood.

Development of a tool to assess core cardiorespiratory physiotherapy skills: a Delphi study.

Purpose: This study reports on the development of an outcome measure designed to evaluate pre-registration physiotherapy students' ability in performing core cardiorespiratory skills.

Method: A four round, e- Delphi study using an international panel of expert cardiorespiratory physiotherapists involved in pre-registration student education was undertaken. In round one participants identified what they look for in students competently performing core cardio-respiratory physiotherapy assessment and treatment skills.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on anaesthesia trainees and their training.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19; severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2] has dislocated clinical services and postgraduate training. To better understand and to document these impacts, we contacted anaesthesia trainees and trainers across six continents and collated their experiences during the pandemic. All aspects of training programmes have been affected.

Impact of Simulated Patients on Physiotherapy Students' Skill Performance in Cardiorespiratory Practice Classes: A Pilot Study.

To date, no evidence exists that high-fidelity simulation improves skill development among physiotherapy students in the university setting. With pressures to reduce costs and maintain or improve the quality of the learning experience, and with pressures on clinical placement, it is essential to investigate methods that might improve students' skill performance before they undertake clinical practice. Our study set out to investigate (1) the impact of using simulated patients (SPs) in a practical class on physiotherapy students' skill acquisition and (2) the students' reflections on the intervention.

Beyond mineralisation: metabolic functions for matrix mineralisation regulators.

The physiological mineralisation of skeletal tissues, as well as the pathological mineralisation of soft tissues involves a fine balance between regulators that either promote or inhibit the process. In recent years, several studies have advocated a non-skeletal role for some of these mineralisation regulators in a range of human diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, obesity and neurodegenerative disease. This is an emerging area of interest and the functional roles and mechanisms of action of these various endocrine factors, phosphatases and phosphodiesterase's in important pathologies are the focus of this review.

Effectiveness of expiratory muscle strength training on expiratory strength, pulmonary function and cough in the adult population: a systematic review.

Background: Respiratory muscle strength declines in certain disease states, leading to impaired cough, reduced airway clearance and an increased risk of aspiration pneumonia. Respiratory muscle training may therefore reduce this risk.

Objectives: To assess current evidence of expiratory muscle strength training (EMST) on maximum expiratory pressure, cough flow and spirometry.

Osteocalcin Regulates Arterial Calcification Via Altered Wnt Signaling and Glucose Metabolism.

Arterial calcification is an important hallmark of cardiovascular disease and shares many similarities with skeletal mineralization. The bone-specific protein osteocalcin (OCN) is an established marker of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) osteochondrogenic transdifferentiation and a known regulator of glucose metabolism. However, the role of OCN in controlling arterial calcification is unclear.

Digitizing a Face-to-Face Group Fatigue Management Program: Exploring the Views of People With Multiple Sclerosis and Health Care Professionals Via Consultation Groups and Interviews.

Background: Fatigue is one of the most common and debilitating symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) and is the main reason why people with MS stop working early. The MS Society in the United Kingdom funded a randomized controlled trial of FACETS-a face-to-face group-based fatigue management program for people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS)-developed by members of the research team. Given the favorable trial results and to help with implementation, the MS Society supported the design and printing of the FACETS manual and materials and the national delivery of FACETS training courses (designed by the research team) for health care professionals (HCPs).

Effectiveness of high fidelity simulation versus low fidelity simulation on practical/clinical skill development in pre-registration physiotherapy students: a systematic review.

Objective: The objective of this review is to evaluate the effectiveness of high fidelity simulation (HFS) versus low fidelity simulation (LFS) on practical/clinical skill development in pre-registration physiotherapy students.

Introduction: Evidence suggests that improved skill development in university can reduce anxiety in practice, improving performance of skills and overall learning at clinical placement for health professions students. However, evidence indicates that the clinical environment is most effective for learning.

ENPP1 in the Regulation of Mineralization and Beyond.

ENPP1 is well known for its role in regulating skeletal and soft tissue mineralization. It primarily exerts its function through the generation of pyrophosphate, a key inhibitor of hydroxyapatite formation. Several previous studies have suggested that ENPP1 also contributes to a range of human diseases including diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and osteoarthritis.

Home visits: A new screening tool for frailty? A retrospective exploratory study.

Background: In the United Kingdom, the new NHS contract for primary care mandates that practices use the Electronic Frailty Index (EFI) to screen for frailty and apply clinical judgment, based on knowledge of the patient, to decide whether they have a diagnosis of frailty. EFI has not yet been validated for this purpose. Many primary care clinicians would agree that although not formally investigated, there seems to be a strong association between being housebound or in institutional care and having a diagnosis of frailty.

Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency Secondary to Diffuse Non-necrotizing Anterior Scleritis: A Clinicopathological Report.

Purpose: To report a case of limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) secondary to diffuse non-necrotizing anterior scleritis (DNNAS).

Method: Interventional case report with clinicopathologic correlation. A 69-year-old white woman with known Crohn disease presented with DNNAS.

Scottish healthcare student's perceptions of an interprofessional ward simulation: An exploratory, descriptive study.

The most memorable learning occurs during placement. Simulated interprofessional learning is a logical learning opportunity to help healthcare professionals work beyond their professional silos. In this qualitative study, we investigated the perceived learning of students from six health professions (adult nursing, diagnostic radiography, occupational therapy, physiotherapy, dietetics, and pharmacy) from their participation in a 45 min interprofessional ward simulation.

The effect of high fidelity simulated learning methods on physiotherapy pre-registration education: a systematic review protocol.

The objective of this review is to identify if high fidelity simulated learning methods are effective in enhancing clinical/practical skills compared to usual, low fidelity simulated learning methods in pre-registration physiotherapy education.