Drug eruptions and the vulva.

Drug reactions affecting the vulva are understudied and underreported, with some having the potential to cause serious morbidity through long-term sequelae. We conducted a literature review to investigate the current evidence about vulval drug eruptions. We aimed to establish the extent of drug reactions affecting the vulva, identify the common culprit drugs, and review current evidence and guidelines regarding their management.

Nocturnal Vulval Pain in Girls-A Subset of Vulvodynia?

Objectives: The aims of the authors' case series were to outline the clinical features of prepubertal nocturnal vulval pain syndrome and to look at management and outcomes.

Methods: Clinical details of prepubertal girls experiencing episodes of nocturnal vulval pain with no identifiable cause were recorded and analyzed. Parents completed a questionnaire to look at outcomes.

Are virtual consultations suitable for patients with vulval disease? A multicentre audit of outcomes in the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, virtual consultation (VC) was used to replace in-person consultations. This raises specific questions when dealing with vulval conditions.

Objectives: To assess the feasibility and the efficiency of VC with and without supplementary imaging, in patients with vulval conditions, and to evaluate the images provided as an aid to diagnosis.

Gliflozin (SGLT2 inhibitor) induced vulvitis.

Introduction: Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, or gliflozins, are used as mono or combined therapy in the management of diabetes. Genital infections are the most common reported adverse effect, as a result of induced glycosuria. Cutaneous features of patients experiencing vulval symptoms while on SGLT2 inhibitor therapy have not been clearly described in published literature.

Early adolescent language development following intrathecal chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.

Purpose: Central nervous system (CNS) prophylaxis in the treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is routinely achieved through intrathecal chemotherapy (ITC). The presence of high level language deficits in older children who received CNS-directed ITC for ALL in early childhood is yet to be elucidated, with previous research suggesting that high level language deficits may appear later in ALL survivors' development at an age when these skills typically emerge.

Method: A test battery covering foundational language skills and higher-order language skills was administered to five participants (aged 10-15 years) with a history of ITC for ALL.

Vulval symptoms after the menopause - Not all atrophy!

Vulval and vaginal symptoms are common after the menopause and are frequently assumed to be due to the normal physiological changes that occur at this time. However, there are several important dermatoses that can occur in this patient group which need accurate diagnosis and appropriate management. This review discusses the clinical features and basic management of some of the common vulval problems occurring after the menopause.

"Trying to Get a Grip": Language Competence and Self-Reported Satisfaction With Social Relationships Three Decades Post-Childhood Traumatic Brain Injury.

Objective: (1) To investigate outcomes in language competence and self-reported satisfaction with social relationships in long-term survivors of childhood traumatic brain injury (TBI); and (2) to establish whether language competence contributes to self-reported satisfaction with social relationships decades after sustaining childhood TBI.

Participants: Twelve females and 8 males aged 30 to 55 (mean = 39.80, standard deviation = 7.

Quality of pre-school children's pretend play and subsequent development of semantic organization and narrative re-telling skills.

Purpose: This study investigated if the quality of pre-school children's pretend play predicted their semantic organization and narrative re-telling ability when they were in early primary school. It was hypothesized that the elaborateness of a child's play and the child's use of symbols in play were predictors of their semantic organization and narrative re-tell scores of the School Age Oral Language Assessment.

Method: Forty-eight children were assessed using the Child-Initiated Pretend Play Assessment when they were aged 4-5 years.

Unilateral vulval swelling in cyclists: a report of 8 cases.

Objective: To define the clinical features, imaging results, histopathologic patterns, and clinical outcomes seen in patients who develop vulval swelling as a result of intensive cycling.

Methods: The case notes of 8 female cyclists were retrospectively reviewed.

Results: The mean age of the patients was 45 years, and all were cycling long distances each week (range, 125-450 km; median, 210 km).

Charting a seven-year trajectory of language outcomes for a child with galactosemia.

Cross-sectional methodologies have revealed age-related deterioration in cognitive performance, reflecting progressive neurodegenerative change in a minority of children and adolescents with classic galactosemia (GAL). The application of longitudinal methodologies sensitive to age-related changes at the individual level is needed to determine the extent of any possible decline in function in children with GAL. The authors report on the developmental language outcomes of a 9-year-old female with GAL through an examination of her language development over a 7-year period using a performance tracking system based on the use of raw performance scores required for attainment at the 50th percentile for age.

Development of figurative language skills following central nervous system-directed chemotherapy delivered in early childhood.

Central nervous system (CNS)-directed chemotherapy is delivered for the treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). Figurative language deficits have been described in children following CNS-directed chemotherapy; however, comprehensive analysis of figurative interpretation errors, potentially providing clinical utility to assist with intervention planning, has never been performed. The present study aimed to compare the figurative language skills of seven children treated with CNS-directed chemotherapy for ALL before the age of 6 years (mean age at diagnosis 3 years 10 months) and a matched control group of children, using the Test of Language Competence-Expanded Edition (TLC-E) Figurative Language sub-test.

The spectrum of histopathologic patterns secondary to the topical application of EMLA® on vulvar epithelium: clinicopathological correlation in three cases.

EMLA(®) (eutectic mixture of local anesthetics, 2.5% each of lidocaine and prilocaine in an oil and water emulsion) is used as a topical anesthetic. We report three cases of EMLA(®) -induced histopathologic changes on the vulvar epithelium.

Differential phonological awareness skills in children with classic galactosemia: a descriptive study of four cases.

Educational achievement, which for individuals with the metabolic disorder classic galactosemia (GAL) is significantly lower than in the wider population, correlates with self-reported quality of life. Phonological awareness skills underpin the development of literacy, and although literacy is a key contributor to successful academic outcomes, no study to date has investigated phonological awareness skills in children with GAL. This study investigated phonological awareness (PA) in four school-aged children with the disorder, two of whom were siblings.

Differential language trajectories following treatment for pediatric posterior fossa tumor: an investigation of four cases.

Up to 85% of children treated for brain tumor survive beyond five years; hence optimizing quality of life in survivorship has become a priority. As multiple factors contribute to the heterogeneity of neurocognitive and language outcomes for individual children following treatment, a means of monitoring subsequent development is needed for the individual child, particularly when pre-morbid performance indices are not available. The current study investigated the use of developmental language trajectories as a means of monitoring language development subsequent to treatment for tumors located within the posterior fossa.

Pre-linguistic communication skill development in an infant with a diagnosis of galactosaemia.

Background: Neonatal screening for galactosaemia (GAL) identifies the condition early, but subsequent biomedical and genetic testing fails to identify which subgroup of infants with GAL are at most risk of the language disorders associated with the condition. This study aims to present preliminary data on an infant with GAL based on assessment of pre-linguistic communication behaviours known to underpin language development.

Methods: This single case-control study profiles the pre-linguistic skills of a 13-month-old infant with GAL.

Longitudinal language outcomes following intrathecal chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.

Intrathecal chemotherapy (ITC) is the treatment option for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). Neurocognitive deficits have been described following ITC, but language status post-treatment is yet to be clarified. This study examined the language skills of nine children following ITC for ALL (mean age 7;8 years and 3;2 years post-diagnosis at baseline measurement) and nine age- and sex-matched controls, at baseline then 2 years later, using a battery of tests assessing general language skills.

Lacrimal canalicular duct scarring in patients with lichen planus.

Background: Lichen planus (LP) is a mucocutaneous inflammatory disease that affects multiple sites, including the skin, oral cavity, vulva, and vagina and can result in scarring and stricture formation. It has also been shown to cause lacrimal canalicular blockage in a series of patients attending an ophthalmology clinic. We describe a cohort of women with vulvovaginal LP who also had signs of lacrimal canalicular scarring on examination.

Indices of language outcome 11 years after intrathecal chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a sibling case-control study.

Studies are emerging that suggest that major language indices do not differentiate children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with risk-adapted intrathecal chemotherapy (ITC) from control children matched on age, gender, and educational level. No study to date has controlled for cognitive environment, an important variable influencing language achievement and outcome. This case-control study applies the deconfounding principle by using a sibling as a control to investigate language outcomes in a male child 11 years after administration of ITC for ALL at the age of 2 years 3 months.

Language function in a child following mild traumatic brain injury: Evidence from pre- and post-injury language testing.

Objective: Pre- and post-injury language performance scores following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) were investigated through a replication and subsequent extension of a previous case study where a trend for declining language scores was described based on pre- and post-injury data.

Methods: Test norms were used to descriptively analyze pre- and post-morbid language performance and performance score changes. Score changes were subsequently statistically analyzed using data obtained from a group of age-matched non-brain-injured control children.

Intact language skills and semantic processing speed following the use of fractionated cranial irradiation therapy for the treatment of childhood medulloblastoma: a 4-year follow-up study.

Recent advances in the delivery of cranial radiation therapy aim to reduce the adverse neurocognitive outcomes associated with successful treatments. Damage to white matter tracts following cranial radiation may result in a reduction in information processing speed, which in turn may lead to declines in academic achievement and performance scores on neurocognitive testing. This study reports on language outcomes and neurophysiological measures reflecting the efficiency of the brain's capacity to process semantic information in a 14-year-old female following treatment, which included fractionated cranial radiation dosages, for medulloblastoma at age 10 years 3 months.

Language outcomes following risk-adapted treatments for tumors located within the posterior fossa.

The language skills of 4 children treated for tumors involving the cerebellum and/or fourth ventricle with risk-adapted treatments were compared, as a group, with performance of a group of control children (n = 20). The language skills of the individual cases were also profiled. At the group level, language skill failed to differentiate the 2 groups of children.

Language skills in a child with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy following intrathecal chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

The language skills of a male child with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and coincidentally treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with intrathecal chemotherapy at the age of 3 years 8 months were comprehensively evaluated twice over a 6-month period approximately 5½ years after diagnosis of ALL. Despite marked chemotherapy-related leukoencephalopathic changes documented on magnetic resonance imaging, the child presented with stable language skills, which were generally average to above-average based on the normative data from a comprehensive language test battery. In light of the coincidental presentation in the child of a diagnosis of LHON, which may lead to serious vision impairment and increased vulnerability to drug neurotoxicity, coupled with a history of central nervous system (CNS)-directed treatment for ALL resulting in progressive white matter pathology, the study highlights the importance of ongoing monitoring of the child's language development throughout his adolescent years.